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Kartoshka kasalliklari to’liq malumot oling

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Kartoshka kasalliklari to’liq malumot oling

Virusli kasalliklar yuqumli kasalliklar guruhiga kirib,so’ruvchi hasharotlar (bitlar, tripslar, sikadalar, qandalalar kabilar) yoki ekinga ishlov berishda mexanik shikastlash, tuganaklarning kesilishi va boshqa hollarda, ya’ni kasallangan o’simlik hujayra shirasi sog’lom o’simlikka o’tishi natijasida ro’y bradi. Keyingi reproduksiyalarga viruslar urug’lik tuganaklar orqali o’tadi. O’simliklar viruslar bilan kasallangan ularning tashqi ko’rinishi (morfologiyasi) o’zgaradi, ya’ni barglari buralib ketadi, g’adir-budur bo’ladi, sarg’ayadi, hurpayadi, nobul bo’ladi, tuganaklari kichiklashadi, shakli o’zgaradi va b. Virusli kasalliklar yashirincha holda ham o’tishi mumkin, lekin bu ularning yuqumliligini va zararini kamaytirmaydi
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Virusli kasalliklar yuqumli kasalliklar guruhiga kirib,so’ruvchi hasharotlar (bitlar, tripslar, sikadalar, qandalalar kabilar) yoki ekinga ishlov berishda mexanik shikastlash, tuganaklarning kesilishi va boshqa hollarda, ya’ni kasallangan o’simlik hujayra shirasi sog’lom o’simlikka o’tishi natijasida ro’y bradi. Keyingi reproduksiyalarga viruslar urug’lik tuganaklar orqali o’tadi. O’simliklar viruslar bilan kasallangan ularning tashqi ko’rinishi (morfologiyasi) o’zgaradi, ya’ni barglari buralib ketadi, g’adir-budur bo’ladi, sarg’ayadi, hurpayadi, nobul bo’ladi, tuganaklari kichiklashadi, shakli o’zgaradi va b. Virusli kasalliklar yashirincha holda ham o’tishi mumkin, lekin bu ularning yuqumliligini va zararini kamaytirmaydi
Kartoshka barglari buralishi kasalligini kartoshkaning M-virusi (Solanum virus 14) qo’zg’atadi. Virus dumaloq shaklli, diametri 25 nm atrofida. Bu virus guruhiga mansub turlarning kriptogrammasi R/1;2/*;S/S;S/Ap. Kartoshka virozlari orasida bu kasallik dunyoda eng keng tarqalgani va eng zararlisidir va u tufayli tuganaklar hosilining 90 foizi yo’qotiladi. Birinchi yil zararlangan o’simliklar barglari och-sariq, ba’zi navlarda biroz binafsha, pushti yoki qizg’ish tus oladi, ko’pincha chetlari quvursimon shakl olib, tepaga bukiladi. Mavsum so’ngida o’simliklar tashqi belgisiz zararlanishi mumkin. Juda chidamsiz navlar tuganaklarida o’tkazuvchi to’qimalarning nekrozi kuzatiladi.
Ikkinchi yili zararlangan (kasal tuganaklardan o’sib chiqqan) kartoshkaning tuberosum kenja turiga mansub o’simliklarning pastki barglari markaziy tomiridan tepaga bukilib, quvursimon va kichik bo’lib qoladi, oqaradi, egiluvchanligi yo’qoladi, teriga o’xshab qoladi, barglarining osti qizg’ishroq tus oladi. Kartoshkaning andigena kenja turiga mansub o’simliklar barglarining chetlari va tomirlarida xloroz rivojlanadi, barglar juda kichik bo’lib qoladi Kasallik tabiatda shira (ayniqsa Myzodes persicae) va zararlangan tuganaklar bilan tarqaladi. Ituzumdoshlar oilasiga mansub o’simliklar, yeshaksho’ra va ba’zi boshqalar zararlanadi (Vlasov, Larina, 1982; Peresыpkin, 1982; Int. Potato Center, 1982). Tabiiy sharoitda Mvirusi yoki bargning mozaikali buralish kasalligi bitlar yoki kasallangan o’simliklar orqali yuqadi va hosildorlikni 25-35 % gacha kamaytiradi.
Kartoshka U-virozini kartoshka U-virusi (Solanum virus 2) qo’zg’atadi. Bu guruh viruslarining shakli uzunchoq, uzunligi 750 nm, kriptogrammasi R/1;3,5/5;Ye/Ye;S/Ap. Zarari bo’yicha U-viroz barg buralishidan keyingi ikkinchi o’rinda turadi, hosilning 80 foizigacha yo’qotilishiga sabab bo’ladi. Kasallik belgilari ekin navlari va ularni zararlagan virus shtammlari hamda ob-havo sharoitlari bilan bog’liq va juda o’zgaruvchan: barglar mo’rtligi, rozetkalari paydo bo’lishi, chetlari pastga bukilishi, ustida nekrozlar rivojlanishi, o’simlik bo’yi pasayishi, novda va poyalarda nekrotik qoramtir-qo’ng’ir chiziq va tasmachalar hosil bo’lishi mumkin; ba’zi navlarda yengil mozaika rivojlanadi yoki o’simlik tashqi belgilarsiz zararlanadi.
Kasallik tuganaklar orqali hamda, barqaror bo’lmagan holda, shiralar bilan tarqaladi. U-viroz O’zbekistonda keng tarqalgan va kartoshka urug’chiligiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Samarqand qishloq xo’jaligi instituti xodimla-rining tajribasida, nav bilan bog’liq holda, latent shaklidagi U-virus kartoshka urug’I hosilini 13,6-24,0 foizga kamaytirgan (Ergashev va b., 2005).
Kartoshka oddiy mozaikasini kartoshkaning Xvirusi (Solanum virus 1) qo’zg’atadi. Virionlari ipsimon shaklli, 515×13 nm, inaktivasiya harorati 68…75°S, barqaror (quruq barglarda 250 kungacha saqlanadi), oxirgi suyultirish 1:1000000, in vitro holatda bir necha hafta saqlanadi. Kriptogrammasi R/1;2,2/6;Ye/Ye;S/6. Kartoshka navi va uni zararlagan virus shtammi bilan bog’liq holda, kasallik hosilni 10% gacha pasaytirishi mumkin. Kasallik dalada mexanik usulda (kontakt orqali) hamda zararlangan tuganaklar bilan tarqaladi, shira bilan o’tmaydi. Odatda, barglarda mozaika rivojlanadi, ba’zi navlar juda kam yoki tashqi belgilarsiz zararlanadi. Virusning virulent shtammlari barg g’ijimlanishini qo’zg’atadi.
Barglarning bujmayishi. Kasallikni L virus chaqiradi. Bunda o’simlikning pastki barglari o’rta tomiri bo’ylab o’ralib, huddi qoshiqcha yoki naychaga o’xshab qoladi. Odatda bu holat pastki barglardan boshlanadi. Barglarning kraxmal bilan to’lishishi natijasida ular qattiq va mo’rt bo’lib qoladi. Tabiiy sharoitda L virus mexanik shikastlanishlar orqali emas, balki faqat bitlar yordamida tarqaladi. Lekin tuganakda viruslar saqlanadi. Hosildorlikni kasalning paydo bo’lish darajasiga qarab 30 dan 80 % gacha, kraxmalni esa 2-5 % gacha yo’qotadi.
S-mozaikani kartoshkaning 3-virusi (Solanum virus 7) (R/1;*/6;Ye/Ye;S/Ap) qo’zg’atadi. Uning hosilga ta’siri kam. Mexanik kontakt, tuganaklar orqali, ba’zi shtammlari shira bilan tarqaladi, barglarda yengil mozaika qo’zg’atadi, yoki ular tashqi belgisiz zararlanadi. Kartoshkaning X, S, M, U va A-viruslari ko’p hollardaekinda birga uchraydi.
Kartoshka jingalakligi-pakanaligi (Solanum virus 7), tuganaklarning ichidagi yoysimon zang dog’lanish (Tobocco rattle virus) (R/1;2,3/5+0,6- 1,3;Ye/Ye;S/Ne) paydo bo’lishi va aukuba mozaikasi (Fvirus, Solanum virus 8) (R/1;2,2/6;Ye/Ye;S/O) virus kasalliklari bo’lib, sariq kasalligini astraning sariq kasalligi mikoplazmasi (Aster yellows) qo’zg’atadi. Bu kasalliklarning sariqdan boshqalari O’zbekistonda qayd etilmagan chaqiruvchi mikolapzmali mikroorganizmlar tashuvchisi sikadalar hisoblanadi. Kasallikning dastlabki boshlanish alomatlari yuqori barglarning kichiklashishi, bo’lakchalari chetida xloroz, bargining rangsizlanishi, astag’sekin ildiz quriy boshlaydi. Ba’zan yon shoxlar o’sib, poyada havo tuganakchalari hosil qiladi, 7-10 kun o’tgach kasallangan o’simliklar quriy boshlaydi. Stolbur so’lish yoki tuganaklarda ingichka, ipsimon o’simtalar hosil qilishi hosilni 70-80 % gacha kamaytiradi. Ipsimon o’simtali tuganakdan ko’karib chiqqan o’simlik kudryash deyiladi.
Kasallikning asosiy belgisi poyalar soni ko’payib ketib (10-15 ta va undan ziyod) ingichka, o’simlik past bo’yli, barg shakli o’zgargan bo’ladi. Yuqori tok yonbarglar o’sib, yonbarglarning soni esa kamayadi. O’simlik gullamaydi va mayda tuganaklar hosil qiladi. Kartoshkaning ipsimon o’simtalanishiga stolbur so’lishdan tashqari alvasti (jin) supurgi, gotika, barglarning bujmayishi kabi virusli kasalliklar ham sabab bo’ladi.
Kartoshka sariq (janubiy stolbur) kasalligini mikoplazma (Aster yellows) qo’zg’atadi. Bu kasallik dunyoning ba’zi mamlakatlarida astraning sariq kasalligi nomi bilan yuritilishi ehtimol tug’iladi. Kasal o’sim-liklarning bo’yi pasayadi, tepa qismidagi barglari buraladi, quvursimon shakl oladi, sarg’ayadi yoki qizg’ish tus oladi. O’simliklar so’lishi mumkin. Kasal o’simliklardan olingan tuganaklar ekilganda, ulardan anormal, mayda, xunuk, ipsimon nihollar o’sib chiqadi, ildiz paydo bo’lmaydi, Odatda, hosilga ta’siri kam. Dalada tuganaklar orqali va saratonlar bilan tarqaladi (Peresыpkin, 1982; Int. Potato Center, 1982).
Alvasti (jin) supurgi. Stolburga o’xshash, lekin bunda o’simlik o’sishdan qoladi, poya kuchli shoxlaydi va ko’p miqdorda stolonlar hosil qiladi. Kasallangan o’simliklarda juda ko’p mayda, tez nishlaydigan tuganaklar shakllanadi. Uning chaqiruvchisimikoplazma bo’lib, tuganaklar orqali ko’payadi.
Gotika. Bu kasallikning chaqiruvchisi viroid bo’lib, ya’ni oqsilsiz virusdir. Kasalikka uchragan o’simliklar past bo’yli bo’ladi, tupdagi poyalar soni kamayadli va pastga yon shoxlar kuchli o’sa boshlaydi. Shox va barglari poyaga nisbatan o’tkir burchak hosil qilib o’sadi va yopishib turgandek ko’rinish oladi. Bu esa o’simlikka o’ziga xos – gotik shakl beradi. Gotika gullash susayishi va barg plastinkasining qisqarishida kuzatiladi. Kasallangan o’simlikka tuganagi maydalashadi va cho’ziq yoki urchuqsimon, besunaqay shaklga kiradi. Uning kuzchalari ko’p va yorilgan bo’ladi. Bu kasallik kartoshkaning o’rtapishar va kechpishar navlarida keng tarqalgan bo’lib, tuganaklar orqali kasallangan qsimliklardan hasharotlar yordamida yuqadi. Kasallangan tuplar hosili 20-70 % ga kamayib, tuganak sifati sezilarli darajada yomonlashadi.
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Kartoshka barglari buralishi

Kartoshka barglari buralishi kasalligini kartoshkaning M-virusi (Solanum virus 14) qo’zg’atadi. Virus dumaloq shaklli, diametri 25 nm atrofida. Bu virus guruhiga mansub turlarning kriptogrammasi R/1;2/*;S/S;S/Ap. Kartoshka virozlari orasida bu kasallik dunyoda eng keng tarqalgani va eng zararlisidir va u tufayli tuganaklar hosilining 90 foizi yo’qotiladi. Birinchi yil zararlangan o’simliklar barglari och-sariq, ba’zi navlarda biroz binafsha, pushti yoki qizg’ish tus oladi, ko’pincha chetlari quvursimon shakl olib, tepaga bukiladi. Mavsum so’ngida o’simliklar tashqi belgisiz zararlanishi mumkin. Juda chidamsiz navlar tuganaklarida o’tkazuvchi to’qimalarning nekrozi kuzatiladi.

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[/img]

Ikkinchi yili zararlangan (kasal tuganaklardan o’sib chiqqan) kartoshkaning tuberosum kenja turiga mansub o’simliklarning pastki barglari markaziy tomiridan tepaga bukilib, quvursimon va kichik bo’lib qoladi, oqaradi, egiluvchanligi yo’qoladi, teriga o’xshab qoladi, barglarining osti qizg’ishroq tus oladi. Kartoshkaning andigena kenja turiga mansub o’simliklar barglarining chetlari va tomirlarida xloroz rivojlanadi, barglar juda kichik bo’lib qoladi Kasallik tabiatda shira (ayniqsa Myzodes persicae) va zararlangan tuganaklar bilan tarqaladi. Ituzumdoshlar oilasiga mansub o’simliklar, yeshaksho’ra va ba’zi boshqalar zararlanadi (Vlasov, Larina, 1982; Peresыpkin, 1982; Int. Potato Center, 1982). Tabiiy sharoitda Mvirusi yoki bargning mozaikali buralish kasalligi bitlar yoki kasallangan o’simliklar orqali yuqadi va hosildorlikni 25-35 % gacha kamaytiradi.

Kartoshka U-virozini

Kartoshka U-virozini kartoshka U-virusi (Solanum virus 2) qo’zg’atadi. Bu guruh viruslarining shakli uzunchoq, uzunligi 750 nm, kriptogrammasi R/1;3,5/5;Ye/Ye;S/Ap. Zarari bo’yicha U-viroz barg buralishidan keyingi ikkinchi o’rinda turadi, hosilning 80 foizigacha yo’qotilishiga sabab bo’ladi. Kasallik belgilari ekin navlari va ularni zararlagan virus shtammlari hamda ob-havo sharoitlari bilan bog’liq va juda o’zgaruvchan: barglar mo’rtligi, rozetkalari paydo bo’lishi, chetlari pastga bukilishi, ustida nekrozlar rivojlanishi, o’simlik bo’yi pasayishi, novda va poyalarda nekrotik qoramtir-qo’ng’ir chiziq va tasmachalar hosil bo’lishi mumkin; ba’zi navlarda yengil mozaika rivojlanadi yoki o’simlik tashqi belgilarsiz zararlanadi.

Kasallik tuganaklar orqali hamda, barqaror bo’lmagan holda, shiralar bilan tarqaladi. U-viroz O’zbekistonda keng tarqalgan va kartoshka urug’chiligiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Samarqand qishloq xo’jaligi instituti xodimla-rining tajribasida, nav bilan bog’liq holda, latent shaklidagi U-virus kartoshka urug’I hosilini 13,6-24,0 foizga kamaytirgan (Ergashev va b., 2005).

Kartoshka oddiy mozaikasini

Kartoshka oddiy mozaikasini kartoshkaning Xvirusi (Solanum virus 1) qo’zg’atadi. Virionlari ipsimon shaklli, 515×13 nm, inaktivasiya harorati 68…75°S, barqaror (quruq barglarda 250 kungacha saqlanadi), oxirgi suyultirish 1:1000000, in vitro holatda bir necha hafta saqlanadi. Kriptogrammasi R/1;2,2/6;Ye/Ye;S/6. Kartoshka navi va uni zararlagan virus shtammi bilan bog’liq holda, kasallik hosilni 10% gacha pasaytirishi mumkin. Kasallik dalada mexanik usulda (kontakt orqali) hamda zararlangan tuganaklar bilan tarqaladi, shira bilan o’tmaydi. Odatda, barglarda mozaika rivojlanadi, ba’zi navlar juda kam yoki tashqi belgilarsiz zararlanadi. Virusning virulent shtammlari barg g’ijimlanishini qo’zg’atadi.

Barglarning bujmayishi.

Barglarning bujmayishi. Kasallikni L virus chaqiradi. Bunda o’simlikning pastki barglari o’rta tomiri bo’ylab o’ralib, huddi qoshiqcha yoki naychaga o’xshab qoladi. Odatda bu holat pastki barglardan boshlanadi. Barglarning kraxmal bilan to’lishishi natijasida ular qattiq va mo’rt bo’lib qoladi. Tabiiy sharoitda L virus mexanik shikastlanishlar orqali emas, balki faqat bitlar yordamida tarqaladi. Lekin tuganakda viruslar saqlanadi. Hosildorlikni kasalning paydo bo’lish darajasiga qarab 30 dan 80 % gacha, kraxmalni esa 2-5 % gacha yo’qotadi.

Kartoshka boshqa virus va mikoplazma kasalliklari.

S-mozaikani kartoshkaning 3-virusi (Solanum virus 7) (R/1;*/6;Ye/Ye;S/Ap) qo’zg’atadi. Uning hosilga ta’siri kam. Mexanik kontakt, tuganaklar orqali, ba’zi shtammlari shira bilan tarqaladi, barglarda yengil mozaika qo’zg’atadi, yoki ular tashqi belgisiz zararlanadi. Kartoshkaning X, S, M, U va A-viruslari ko’p hollardaekinda birga uchraydi.

Kartoshka jingalakligi-pakanaligi

Kartoshka jingalakligi-pakanaligi (Solanum virus 7), tuganaklarning ichidagi yoysimon zang dog’lanish (Tobocco rattle virus) (R/1;2,3/5+0,6- 1,3;Ye/Ye;S/Ne) paydo bo’lishi va aukuba mozaikasi (Fvirus, Solanum virus 8) (R/1;2,2/6;Ye/Ye;S/O) virus kasalliklari bo’lib, sariq kasalligini astraning sariq kasalligi mikoplazmasi (Aster yellows) qo’zg’atadi. Bu kasalliklarning sariqdan boshqalari O’zbekistonda qayd etilmagan chaqiruvchi mikolapzmali mikroorganizmlar tashuvchisi sikadalar hisoblanadi. Kasallikning dastlabki boshlanish alomatlari yuqori barglarning kichiklashishi, bo’lakchalari chetida xloroz, bargining rangsizlanishi, astag’sekin ildiz quriy boshlaydi. Ba’zan yon shoxlar o’sib, poyada havo tuganakchalari hosil qiladi, 7-10 kun o’tgach kasallangan o’simliklar quriy boshlaydi. Stolbur so’lish yoki tuganaklarda ingichka, ipsimon o’simtalar hosil qilishi hosilni 70-80 % gacha kamaytiradi. Ipsimon o’simtali tuganakdan ko’karib chiqqan o’simlik kudryash deyiladi.

Kartoshka kasalliklari

Kasallikning asosiy belgisi poyalar soni ko’payib ketib (10-15 ta va undan ziyod) ingichka, o’simlik past bo’yli, barg shakli o’zgargan bo’ladi. Yuqori tok yonbarglar o’sib, yonbarglarning soni esa kamayadi. O’simlik gullamaydi va mayda tuganaklar hosil qiladi. Kartoshkaning ipsimon o’simtalanishiga stolbur so’lishdan tashqari alvasti (jin) supurgi, gotika, barglarning bujmayishi kabi virusli kasalliklar ham sabab bo’ladi.

Kartoshka sariq (janubiy stolbur) kasalligi

Kartoshka sariq (janubiy stolbur) kasalligini mikoplazma (Aster yellows) qo’zg’atadi. Bu kasallik dunyoning ba’zi mamlakatlarida astraning sariq kasalligi nomi bilan yuritilishi ehtimol tug’iladi. Kasal o’sim-liklarning bo’yi pasayadi, tepa qismidagi barglari buraladi, quvursimon shakl oladi, sarg’ayadi yoki qizg’ish tus oladi. O’simliklar so’lishi mumkin. Kasal o’simliklardan olingan tuganaklar ekilganda, ulardan anormal, mayda, xunuk, ipsimon nihollar o’sib chiqadi, ildiz paydo bo’lmaydi, Odatda, hosilga ta’siri kam. Dalada tuganaklar orqali va saratonlar bilan tarqaladi (Peresыpkin, 1982; Int. Potato Center, 1982).

Alvasti (jin) supurgi.

 Alvasti (jin) supurgi. Stolburga o’xshash, lekin bunda o’simlik o’sishdan qoladi, poya kuchli shoxlaydi va ko’p miqdorda stolonlar hosil qiladi. Kasallangan o’simliklarda juda ko’p mayda, tez nishlaydigan tuganaklar shakllanadi. Uning chaqiruvchisimikoplazma bo’lib, tuganaklar orqali ko’payadi.

Gotika

Gotika. Bu kasallikning chaqiruvchisi viroid bo’lib, ya’ni oqsilsiz virusdir. Kasalikka uchragan o’simliklar past bo’yli bo’ladi, tupdagi poyalar soni kamayadli va pastga yon shoxlar kuchli o’sa boshlaydi. Shox va barglari poyaga nisbatan o’tkir burchak hosil qilib o’sadi va yopishib turgandek ko’rinish oladi. Bu esa o’simlikka o’ziga xos – gotik shakl beradi. Gotika gullash susayishi va barg plastinkasining qisqarishida kuzatiladi. Kasallangan o’simlikka tuganagi maydalashadi va cho’ziq yoki urchuqsimon, besunaqay shaklga kiradi. Uning kuzchalari ko’p va yorilgan bo’ladi. Bu kasallik kartoshkaning o’rtapishar va kechpishar navlarida keng tarqalgan bo’lib, tuganaklar orqali kasallangan qsimliklardan hasharotlar yordamida yuqadi. Kasallangan tuplar hosili 20-70 % ga kamayib, tuganak sifati sezilarli darajada yomonlashadi.


arenda kvartira tashkent

Biznes Tavsiyalar
Kartoshka kasalliklari

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