Nemis tili sifatlari: nominativ, kelishik va kelishik holatlari

G’arbiy Markaziy Germaniya

• Markaziy Franconian (Ripuar, Kölsch ), bilan dialektal birlik hosil qiladi Lyuksemburg, Reyn Franconian (Gessian )

• Standart nemis, [97]Tyuringiya, Yuqori Saksoniya, Yuqori prusscha, Nemis Silesian

• Saksoniya, Sharqiy past nemis

Mahalliy ma’ruzachilar

Nemis tilidagi ona tilida so’zlashuvchilarning global tarqalishi:

Mamlakat	Nemis tilida so’zlashadigan aholi (nemis tilida so’zlashadigan davlatlardan tashqarida)
Qo’shma Shtatlar	5,000,000 [100]
Braziliya	3,000,000 [100]
Rossiya	2,000,000 [100]
Argentina	500,000 [100]
Kanada	450,000 [100] –620,000 [101]
Italiya	250,000 [100]
Vengriya	220,000 [100]
Polsha	148,000 [102]
Avstraliya	110,000 [100]
Meksika	100000 (mennonitlar) [103]
Janubiy Afrika	75,000 (Germaniyalik chet el fuqarolari) [100]
Shvetsiya	72,000 [104]
Belgiya	66,000 [100]
Paragvay	56,000 [105]
Chili	40,000 [100]
Yangi Zelandiya	36,000 [100]
Gvatemala	35,000 [106]
Namibiya	30,000 (Germaniya chet el fuqarolari) [100]
Daniya	20,000 [100]
Ruminiya	15,000 [100]
Venesuela	10,000 [100]
Ukraina	4,206 [107]

Geografik taqsimot

Asosiy maqola: Nemis diasporasi

Nemis kelib chiqishi bo’lgan odamlar dunyoning turli joylarida joylashgan. Qo’shma Shtatlar taxminan 50 million kishining uyi Nemis amerikaliklar yoki nemis diasporasining uchdan bir qismi, bu Germaniyadan tashqarida nemis kelib chiqqan odamlarning eng yirik markaziga aylandi. Braziliya nemis nasabiga da’vo qilgan 5 million odam bilan ikkinchi o’rinda turadi. Boshqa muhim markazlar Kanada, Argentina, Janubiy Afrika va Frantsiya ularning har biri kamida 1 mln. Nemis millatiga mansub odamlarning aniq sonini hisoblash qiyin bo’lsa-da, mavjud ma’lumotlar 100 million kishidan oshganini da’vo qilish xavfsizligini ta’minlaydi. [1]

Madaniyat

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya madaniyati

Adabiyot

Asosiy maqola: Nemis adabiyoti

Fikrlar yurishi, Berlin, haykalni sharaflash Yoxannes Gutenberg va Germaniyaning eng nufuzli yozuvchilari

Gottxold Efrayim Lessing ma’rifat davri.

Gerxart Hauptmann, 1912 yilda adabiyot bo’yicha Nobel mukofotini olgan nemis dramaturg va roman yozuvchisi.

Tomas Mann, nemis yozuvchisi, qissa yozuvchisi, ijtimoiy tanqidchi, xayriyachi, esseist va adabiyot bo’yicha 1929 yilgi Nobel mukofoti laureati.

Gyunter Grass 1999 yil adabiyot bo’yicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindori bo’lgan.

Herta Myuller, ning Banat shvabian kelib chiqishi, a-da tug’ilgan Ruminiyadagi nemis ozchiliklari. U o’z romani uchun Adabiyot bo’yicha 2009 yilgi Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo’lgan Atemschaukel.

Falsafa

Asosiy maqola: Nemis falsafasi

Germaniyaning falsafaga ta’siri tarixiy ahamiyatga ega va ko’plab taniqli nemis faylasuflari shakllanishiga yordam berishdi G’arb falsafasi O’rta asrlardan beri. Zamonaviy tabiatshunoslik fanlari rivoji va shu bilan bog’liq dinning tanazzulga uchrashi bir qator savollarni tug’dirdi, ular nemis falsafasida takrorlanib turar edilar: bilim va e’tiqod, aql va tuyg’u o’rtasidagi munosabatlar va dunyoni ko’rishning ilmiy, axloqiy va badiiy usullari.

Nemis faylasufi Immanuil Kant

Nemis faylasuflari shakllantirishga yordam berdi g’arbiy falsafa O’rta asrlardanoq (Albertus Magnus ). Keyinchalik, Leybnits (17-asr) va eng muhimi Kant markaziy rollarni o’ynagan falsafa tarixi. Kantizm ning ishiga ilhom bergan Shopenhauer va Nitsshe shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Nemis idealizmi tomonidan himoya qilingan Fixe va Hegel. Engels rivojlanishiga yordam berdi kommunistik nazariya 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida esa Heidegger va Gadamer 20-asrda nemis falsafasi an’analarini davom ettirdi. Qator nemis ziyolilari ham ta’sir ko’rsatgan sotsiologiya, eng muhimi Adorno, Xabarlar, Xorkxaymer, Luhmann, Simmel, Tonies va Weber. The Berlin universiteti tilshunos va faylasuf tomonidan 1810 yilda tashkil etilgan Wilhelm von Gumboldt bir qator zamonaviy g’arb universitetlari uchun ta’sirchan model bo’lib xizmat qildi.

21-asrda Germaniya zamonaviyni rivojlantirish uchun muhim mamlakat bo’ldi analitik falsafa Evropa qit’asida, Frantsiya, Avstriya, Shveytsariya va Skandinaviya davlatlari bilan bir qatorda. [108]

O’rta asr nemis faylasufi Albertus Magnus haykali endi katolik avliyosi deb e’lon qildi.

Kitobi bilan tanilgan nemis faylasufi Artur Shopenhauer, Dunyo iroda va vakillik sifatida. U ijodi orqali ko’plab boshqa mutafakkirlarga ta’sir ko’rsatdi.

Ijtimoiy fanlarning barpo etilishida va sotsialistik harakatning rivojlanishida Karl Marks g’oyalari katta rol o’ynadi. U hayoti davomida ko’plab kitoblarni nashr etdi, bu eng ko’zga ko’ringan narsa Kommunistik manifest va Poytaxt. U shuningdek, barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk iqtisodchilaridan biri hisoblanadi.

Fridrix Engels Karl Marks bilan birga ijtimoiy olim, muallif, siyosiy nazariyotchi, faylasuf va marksistik nazariyaning otasi edi. U hammuallifi Kommunistik manifest.

Maks Veber ijtimoiy nazariya, ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar va sotsiologiya intizomiga chuqur ta’sir ko’rsatgan sotsiolog, faylasuf va siyosiy iqtisodchi edi. Ember Dyurkgeym va Karl Marks sotsiologiyaning uchta asoschisidan biri sifatida Veber tez-tez tilga olinadi.

Ilm-fan

Asosiy maqolalar: Germaniyadagi fan va texnika va Nemis ixtirochilari va kashfiyotchilari

Germaniya kabi ko’plab taniqli ixtirochilar va muhandislarning uyi bo’lgan Yoxannes Gutenberg, ixtiroga kim ishonadi harakatlanuvchi turi bosib chiqarish Evropada; Xans Geyger, ning yaratuvchisi Geyger hisoblagichi; va Konrad Zuse, birinchi elektron kompyuterni kim yaratgan. [109] Kabi nemis ixtirochilari, muhandislari va sanoatchilari Zeppelin, Daimler, Dizel, Otto, Vankel, Fon Braun va Benz zamonaviy avtomobil va havo transporti texnologiyasini shakllantirishga, shu jumladan kosmik sayohatning boshlanishiga yordam berdi. [110] [111]

Ishi Devid Xilbert, Maks Plank va Albert Eynshteyn zamonaviy poydevori uchun juda muhim edi fizika, qaysi Verner Geyzenberg va Ervin Shredinger yanada rivojlangan. [112] Ulardan oldin shunday muhim fiziklar bor edi Hermann fon Helmholts va Jozef fon Fraunhofer, Boshqalar orasida. Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen topilgan X-nurlari, uni birinchi g’olibiga aylantirgan yutuq Fizika bo’yicha Nobel mukofoti 1901 yilda. [113] The Walxalla ibodatxonasi “maqtovga sazovor va taniqli nemislar” uchun bir qator olimlar qatnashgan va sharqda joylashgan Regensburg, yilda Bavariya. [114] [115]

Yoxannes Gutenbergning birinchi harakatlanuvchi turini ixtiro qilganligi uchun yodgorlik haykali; bosmaxona.

Konrad Zuse tomonidan yaratilgan dunyodagi birinchi kompyuterning ichaklaridagi o’zaro bog’liq metallning ajoyib panoramasi.

Xans Geyger ixtiro qilgan Geyger hisoblagichi – bu ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishni o’lchaydigan zarralar detektorining bir turi.

Vilgelm Rentgen (1845-1923) tomonidan uning rafiqasi Anna Berta Lyudvigning chap qo’lidagi birinchi rentgen nurlaridan birining nusxasi. U 1896 yil 1 yanvarda Frayburg universiteti Fizik instituti professori Lyudvig Zehnderga sovg’a qilingan.

Musiqa

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya musiqasi
Portreti Lyudvig van Betxoven tomonidan Jozef Karl Stieler, 1820

Musiqa sohasida Germaniya (shu jumladan, 1860 yillarga qadar Avstriya) eng taniqli kishilarning bir qismini talab qiladi klassik dunyo bastakorlari, shu jumladan Bax, Motsart va Betxoven, o’rtasida o’tishni belgilagan Klassik va Romantik G’arb mumtoz musiqasidagi davrlar. Boshqa kompozitorlar Austro – Xalqaro shon-sharafga erishgan germaniyalik urf-odatlar qatoriga kiradi Braxlar, Vagner, Haydn, Shubert, Xandel, Shumann, Liszt, Mendelson Bartoldi, Johann Strauss II, Brukner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Shoenberg, Orff va yaqinda, Xenze, Lachenmann va Stokhauzen.

2008 yildan boshlab [yangilash] , Germaniya dunyodagi to’rtinchi yirik musiqa bozoridir [116] va kuchli ta’sir ko’rsatdi Raqs va Rok musiqasi va kashshoflar trans musiqasi. Kabi rassomlar Gerbert Grönemeyer, Chayonlar, Rammshteyn, Nena, Diter Bohlen, Tokio mehmonxonasi va Zamonaviy suhbat xalqaro shuhratga ega bo’lganlar. Nemis musiqachilari va ayniqsa kashshof guruhlar Mandarin orzusi va Kraftverk ning rivojlanishiga ham hissa qo’shgan elektron musiqa. [117] Germaniya ko’plab yirik toshlarga mezbonlik qiladi musiqa festivallari har yili. The Rok am halqa festival Germaniyadagi va dunyodagi eng yirik musiqiy festivaldir. Nemis rassomlari ham katta foizni tashkil etadi Sanoat musiqasi deb nomlangan harakatlar Neue Deutsche Härte. Germaniya eng yiriklaridan biriga mezbonlik qiladi Goth Wave-Gothic-Treffen va kabi voqealar bilan butun dunyodagi sahnalar va festivallar M’era Luna festivali osongina 30000 kishini jalb qiladi. Germaniyaning taniqli rassomlari orasida Gollandiyaning turli xil qiziqchilari bor, masalan Yoxannes Xesters. [118]

Richard Strauss kech romantik va zamonaviy davrlarning etakchi nemis bastakori hisoblanadi.

Richard Vagner mumtoz musiqa rivojiga katta ta’sir ko’rsatdi; uning Tristan und Isolde-ni ba’zan zamonaviy musiqaning boshlanishi deb ta’riflashadi.

1965 yilda tashkil etilgan “Scorpions” rok guruhi, endi musiqa tarixidagi eng ko’p sotilgan aktlardan biri sifatida qaralmoqda.

Neue Deutsche Welle-ni o’z qo’shig’i bilan xalqaro e’tiborga olib chiqqan qo’shiqchi va aktrisa Nena 99 Luftbolonlar.

Tomas Anders va Diter Bohlendan tashkil topgan “Syntpop” dueti “Modern Talking” 1980-yillarda Germaniyaning eng muvaffaqiyatli aktlaridan biriga aylandi.

Kino

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya kinoteatri

Nemis kinosi o’rta asrning dastlabki yillaridan boshlab ishi bilan boshlangan Maks Skladanovskiy. Bu, ayniqsa, yillar davomida ta’sirchan bo’lgan Veymar Respublikasi bilan Nemis ekspressionistlari kabi Robert Viyen va Fridrix Vilgelm Murnau. The Natsistlar davri ishi bo’lsa-da, asosan targ’ibot filmlarini ishlab chiqargan Leni Riefenstahl hali ham filmda yangi estetikani joriy etdi. 1960-yillardan boshlab, Yangi nemis kinoteatri kabi rejissyorlar Volker Schlöndorff, Verner Gertsog, Wim Wenders, Rayner Verner Fassbinder joylashtirilgan G’arbiy nemis kino tez-tez provokatsion filmlari bilan xalqaro sahnaga qaytmoqda DEFA kinostudiyasi boshqariladigan filmlarni ishlab chiqarish GDR.

Yaqinda kabi filmlar Das yuklash (1981), Hech qachon tugamaydigan voqea (1984) Lola Runni boshqaring (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Leninga xayr! (2003), Gegen die Wand (bosh bilan) (2004) va Der Untergang (Yiqilish) (2004) xalqaro muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. 2002 yilda “Eng yaxshi chet tilidagi film” uchun Oskar mukofotiga sazovor bo’ldi Kerolin havolasi “s Afrikaning hech qaerida va 2007 yilda Florian Xenkkel fon Donnersmark “s Boshqalarning hayoti. The Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali 1951 yildan buyon har yili o’tkazib kelinayotgan bu dunyodagi eng taniqli kino va kino festivallaridan biridir. [119]

Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali reklamasi
Leni Riefenstahl o’zining estetikasi va kinorejissyor sifatida yangiliklari bilan mashhur edi
Uchun plakat Doktor Kaligari kabineti rejissor Robert Viyen

Arxitektura

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya me’morchiligi
Noyshvanshteyn qasri Bavariyada

Arxitektura Germaniyaning hissalariga quyidagilar kiradi Karolingian va Otton uslublari, ning muhim prekursorlari Romanesk. Keyinchalik mintaqa kabi uslublarda muhim asarlar yaratdi Gotik, Uyg’onish davri va Barok.

Dastlab millat ayniqsa muhim edi zamonaviy harakat orqali Deutscher Werkbund va Bauhaus bilan aniqlangan harakat Valter Gropius. The Natsistlar bu harakatlarni yopdi va bir turini ma’qulladi neo-klassizm. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri, ayniqsa Berlin qayta birlashgandan keyin yana muhim zamonaviy va post-zamonaviy inshootlar qurildi.

Detlev-Rohvedder-Xaus, sobiq Reichsluftfahrtministerium (hozir a Federal moliya vazirligi bino)
Dornstettendagi bozor joyi

Din

Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada din

Rim katolikligi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida yagona diniy din bo’lgan Islohot buni tubdan o’zgartirdi. 1517 yilda Martin Lyuter katolik cherkoviga qarshi chiqdi, chunki u buni nasroniylik e’tiqodining buzilishi deb bildi. Bu orqali u Evropa va jahon tarixining yo’nalishini o’zgartirdi va protestantizmni o’rnatdi. [120] The O’ttiz yillik urush (1618–1648) Evropa tarixidagi eng vayronkor mojarolardan biri edi. Urush birinchi navbatda hozirgi Germaniya hududida olib borilgan va turli nuqtalarda Evropaning aksariyat davlatlari ishtirok etgan. Urush asosan Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida protestantlar va katoliklar o’rtasidagi diniy mojaro sifatida olib borilgan. [121]

Ga binoan eng so’nggi umummilliy ro’yxatga olish, Rim katoliklari Germaniyaning umumiy aholisining 29,5 foizini, Evangelist protestantlari esa 27,9 foizini tashkil etdi. Boshqa nasroniy konfessiyalar, boshqa dinlar, ateistlar yoki ko’rsatilmaganlar o’sha paytda aholining 42,6 foizini tashkil qilgan. “Boshqalar” qatoriga protestantlar ham kiritilmagan Germaniyaning Evangelist cherkovi va boshqa nasroniylar kabi Restorantist Yangi Apostol cherkovi. Protestantizm Germaniya fuqarolari orasida ko’proq tarqalgan edi. [122] Shimoliy va Sharqiy Germaniya asosan protestant, janubiy va g’arbiy jihatdan katolikdir. Hozirgi kunda Gamburg va Sharqiy Germaniya shtatlarida diniy bo’lmagan ko’pchilik mavjud. [123]

Tarixiy jihatdan Germaniya muhim ahamiyatga ega edi Yahudiy ozchilik. Keyinchalik Germaniyada bir necha ming yahudiy kelib chiqishi bo’lgan odamlar qoldi Holokost, ammo nemis yahudiylar jamoatining hozirda taxminan 100000 a’zosi bor, ularning ko’pchiligi avvalgi a’zolardan Sovet Ittifoqi. Germaniyada ham musulmonlarning ozchilik qismi bor, ularning aksariyati muhojirlar kurka.

Germaniya dinshunoslari kiradi Lyuter, Melanchton, Shleyermaxr, Feyerbax va Rudolf Otto. Germaniya ham ko’plarni tarbiyaladi tasavvufchilar shu jumladan Mayster Ekxart, Rudolf Shtayner, Yakob Bome va ba’zi papalar (masalan, Benedikt XVI ).

The Mayster Ekxart Erfurt cherkovining portali
Papa Benedikt XVI va ruhoniylari Katolik cherkovi massada Frayburg, Germaniya
Arafasida Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida din O’ttiz yillik urush

2011 yilgi mamlakat bo’ylab aholini ro’yxatga olish bo’yicha etakchi diniy guruh. Katoliklar janubda va g’arbda, sharqda va yirik shaharlarda diniy bo’lmaganlar (boshqa dinlarni o’z ichiga olgan va ko’rsatilmagan), protestantlar Germaniyaning shimoliy va markaziy qismlarida hukmronlik qilmoqda.

Sport

Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada sport
The Allianz Arena, dunyodagi eng zamonaviy futbol stadionlaridan biri.

Sport nemis hayotining ajralmas qismini tashkil etadi, buni 27 million nemislar sport klubining a’zosi ekanligi va qo’shimcha o’n ikki million kishi ushbu faoliyatni alohida-alohida amalga oshirayotganligi ko’rsatib turibdi. [124] Futbol eng mashhur sport turidir va 6,3 milliondan ortiq a’zolari bo’lgan Germaniya futbol federatsiyasi (Deutscher Fußballbund) mamlakatdagi eng yirik sport tashkiloti hisoblanadi. [124] Bundan tashqari, yuz minglab tomoshabinlar tashrif buyuradigan eng katta auditoriyani jalb qiladi Bundesliga gugurt va millionlab televizorni tomosha qilish.

Boshqa mashhur sport turlari Maydonda xokkey, gandbol, voleybol, basketbol, muzli xokkey va Qishki sport turlari. [124] Tarixga ko’ra, nemis sportchilari Olimpiya o’yinlarida muvaffaqiyatli da’vogar bo’lib, uchinchi o’rinni egallab kelishmoqda har doimgi Olimpiya o’yinlari medallarini hisoblash, Sharqiy va G’arbiy Germaniya medallarini birlashtirgan. In 2012 Yozgi Olimpiada, Germaniya oltinchi o’rinni egalladi, holbuki 2010 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o’yinlari Germaniya ikkinchi o’rinni egalladi.

Amerikada ko’plab nemislar ham bor NBA. Yilda 2011, Dirk Novitski bilan birinchi NBA chempionligini qo’lga kiritdi Dallas Maveriks xafa qilish orqali Mayami Xiti. U o’sha yili NBA finalining eng qimmat o’yinchisi deb topilgan.

Mixael Shumaxer F1 karerasida 91 poyga g’olibligini va 7 chempionlikni qo’lga kiritgan.
Germaniya futbol terma jamoasi 2011 yilda

Dirk Nowitski (yashil rangda), Dallas Maveriks forvard, 2011 yil NBA chempioni va finalining eng yaxshi futbolchisi

Jamiyat

Asosiy maqola: Nemislar ro’yxati

Ga ko’ra dunyoning madaniy xaritasi Jahon qadriyatlarini o’rganish, Germaniyani “Ratsional-dunyoviy qadriyatlar” bo’yicha yuqori va “O’z-o’zini ifoda etish qiymatlari” bo’yicha o’rtacha-yuqori deb ta’riflagan.

Germaniya zamonaviy, rivojlangan jamiyat bo’lib, u turmush tarzining ko’pligi va mintaqaviy o’ziga xoslik bilan shakllangan. [125] Mamlakat yuqori darajani o’rnatdi jinsiy tenglik, targ’ib qiladi nogironlik huquqlari, va gomoseksuallarga nisbatan huquqiy va ijtimoiy jihatdan bag’rikengdir. Gey va lezbiyanlar o’zlarining sheriklarining biologik farzandlarini qonuniy ravishda asrab olishlari mumkin va fuqarolik birlashmalari 2001 yildan beri ruxsat berilgan. [126] Sobiq tashqi ishlar vaziri Gvido Vestervelle va Berlinning sobiq meri, Klaus Voveyrit, ochiqchasiga gey. [127]

20-asrning so’nggi o’n yilligida Germaniya muhojirlarga bo’lgan munosabatini o’zgartirdi. 1990-yillarning o’rtalariga qadar Germaniya immigratsiya mamlakati emas degan fikr keng tarqalgan edi, garchi aholining 20 foizga yaqini nemis bo’lmagan. Bugungi kunda Germaniya hukumati va aksariyat etnik madaniy kelib chiqishi bo’lgan immigrantlar Germaniya jamiyatining bir qismi ekanligini va nazorat ostida immigratsiya malaka standartlari asosida boshlanishi kerakligini tan olishmoqda. [128]

Beri 2006 yilgi FIFA Jahon chempionati, Germaniyaning milliy qiyofasini ichki va tashqi baholash o’zgardi. [129] Yillik Milliy brendlar indeksi Germaniya ushbu musobaqadan so’ng ancha yuqori martabaga ega bo’ldi. 20 xil shtatdagi odamlar mamlakatning obro’sini madaniyat, siyosat, eksport, uning aholisi va sayyohlar, muhojirlar va investitsiyalar uchun jozibadorligi nuqtai nazaridan baholashdi. Germaniya 2010 yilda dunyoning 50 ta mamlakati orasida dunyoning ikkinchi eng qadrli xalqi deb topildi. [130] Uchun yana bir global so’rovnoma BBC, Germaniya 2010 yilda dunyodagi eng ijobiy ta’sirga ega deb tan olinganligini aniqladi. 59 foizning aksariyati mamlakat haqida ijobiy fikr bildirsa, 14 foizi salbiy fikrda. [131] [132]

2008 yilda xalqaro sayohat uchun 67 milliard evro sarflangan nemislar sayohat uchun boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda ko’proq pul sarfladilar. Ispaniya, Italiya va Avstriya eng ko’p tashrif buyurgan joylar bo’ldi. [133]

Nemis ayollari nemis tilida tracht milliy liboslar vaqtining Bidermeyer

1400 yilda Nemis jamiyatining mintaqaviy xilma-xilligini aks ettiruvchi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining xaritasi

Caseritz / Kozarcy ning nemis va yuqori sorbiy tillaridagi chegara belgisi

Rutenfest Ravensburg, Baden-Vyurtemberg, Germaniya, “folklor hikoyasini nishonlamoqdaEtti shvabiyalik ” tomonidan Birodarlar Grimmlar

Germaniyalik aktyorlar Sebastyan Ed Erhenbergning “Als der Tod ins Leben wuchs” filmida Volga nemislari

Shaxsiyat

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Pan-Germanizm, Germaniya savoli va Nemis millatchiligi
Germaniya, 1848 yil mart, Frankfurtdagi Mayn-Avliyo cherkovida namoyish etildi
Johann Gottfried Herder

Tadbir Protestant islohoti va yuzaga kelgan siyosat umumiy nemis tili va adabiyotining tarqalishiga javoban paydo bo’lgan nemis identifikatsiyasining kelib chiqishi sifatida ko’rsatildi. [52] Dastlabki nemis milliy madaniyati, shu jumladan adabiy va diniy arboblar orqali rivojlandi Martin Lyuter, Iogann Volfgang fon Gyote va Fridrix Shiller. [134] Nemis millati tushunchasi nemis faylasufi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Johann Gottfried Herder. [135] Germaniyaning o’ziga xosligi mashhurligi keyinroq paydo bo’ldi Frantsiya inqilobi. [51]

Nemis tilini o’zlarining birinchi tili sifatida biladigan, nemis ko’rinadigan va oilalari Germaniyada avlodlar davomida yashagan shaxslar “eng nemis” deb hisoblanadilar, so’ngra kamayib borayotgan nemislik toifalari. Aussiedler (oilalari Sharqiy Evropada yashagan, lekin Germaniyaga qaytib kelgan nemis ajdodlari odamlari), Restdeutsche (tarixan Germaniyaga tegishli bo’lgan, ammo hozir Germaniyadan tashqarida bo’lgan mamlakatlarda yashovchilar), Auswanderer (oilalari Germaniyadan ko’chib ketgan odamlar va shunga o’xshash nemis tilida so’zlashadigan xalqlarda nemis tilida so’zlashadiganlar) Avstriyaliklar Va nihoyat endi nemis tilini bilmaydigan nemis muhojirlari bo’lgan odamlar. [136]

Pan-Germanizmning kelib chiqishi 19 asrning boshlarida paydo bo’lgan Napoleon urushlari. Urushlar Frantsuz inqilobi davrida Frantsiyaning o’zida tug’ilgan yangi harakatni boshladi. 19-asrdagi millatchilik eski aristokratik rejimlarga tahdid solgan. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovlar va Xabsburglar. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Islohot qachon Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of Sharqiy Prussiya, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

1871–1918

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Germaniyaning birlashishi
Avstriya-Vengriya etno-lingvistik xaritasi, 1910 yil

By the 1860s the Prussiya qirolligi va Avstriya imperiyasi were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; ning yaratilishi Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Vengerlar in Austrian territory. Prussia under Otto fon Bismark would eventually ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. Following several wars, most notably the Germaniya urushi in 1866 between Austria and Prussia, with the latter being victorious, the Germaniya imperiyasi (“Second Reich”) was created in 1871 as “Little Germany” without Austria following the proclamation of Vilgelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.

The creation of the multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary empire created strong ethnic conflict between the different ethnicities of the empire. Avstriyadagi nemis millatchiligi grew among all social circles of the empire, many wanted to be unified with the German Reich to form a Buyuk Germaniya and wanted policies to be carried out to enforce their German ethnic identity rejecting any Austrian pan-ethnic identity. [137] Many German Austrians felt annoyed that they were excluded from the German Empire since it included various non-German ethnic groups. [138] Prominent Austrian pan-Germans such as Jorj Ritter fon Shönerer created pan-German movements which demanded the annexation of all ethnic German territories. Members of such movements often wore blue jo’xori gullari, Germaniya imperatorining eng sevimli gullari sifatida tanilgan Uilyam I, ularning tugmachalarida, bilan birga kokadlar nemis milliy ranglarida (qora, qizil va sariq). [139] Avstriya maktablarida ikkala ramz ham vaqtincha taqiqlangan edi. [140] Populists such as the Viennese major Karl Lyueger used anti-semitism and pan-Germanism for their own political purposes. [141] Despite Bismarck’s victory over Austria in 1866 which ultimately excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Reich, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him. [142]

There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Rimdan uzoqda! movement calling for German speakers to identify with Lyuteran yoki Eski katolik cherkovlar. [143]

1918–1945

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Veymar Respublikasi va Uchinchi reyx

Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Markaziy and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. Da Versal shartnomasi Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. The German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state called the “Germaniya-Avstriya Respublikasi “(Nemischa: Deutschösterreich). On 12 November, the National Assembly declared the rump state a republic and Social Democrat Karl Renner vaqtincha kansler sifatida. On the same day, it drafted a provisional constitution which stated that “German-Austria is a democratic republic” (Article 1) and “German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich” (Article 2) with the hope of joining Germany. [144] The name “German-Austria” and union with Germany were forbidden by the Sen-Jermen shartnomasi and the Treaty of Versailles. [145] [146] German-Austria lost the territories of the Sudetenland and German Bohemia to Czechoslovakia, South Tyrol to Italy, and southern Carinthia and Styria to Yugoslavia and the rump state was renamed “Republic of Austria”. With these changes, the era of the Birinchi Avstriya Respublikasi boshlangan. [147] These events are sometimes considered to be a pre-Anschluss urinish.

During the 1920s, the constitutions of both the First Austrian Republic and the Veymar Respublikasi included the goal of union between the two countries, which was supported by all different political parties. In the early 1930s, before the Nazis seized power, popularity for the addition of Austria to Germany remained strong and the Austrian government looked at the possibility of a bojxona ittifoqi with Germany in 1931 but this was stopped by French opposition. [148] In 1933, after Austrian-born Hitler came to power, support for an Anschluss o’sdi. The Austrofashizm davri Dollfuss /Shuschnigg between 1934 and 1938 accepted that Austrians were Germans and that Austria was a “German state” but was strongly opposed to Hitler’s desire to annex Austria to the Third Reich and wished for Austria to remain independent. [149]

The Reyx initiative (German: literally Home into the Reich, ma’no Back to Reich, qarang Reyx ) was a policy pursued by Natsistlar Germaniyasi which attempted to convince people of German descent living outside of Germany (such as Sudetland ) that they should strive to bring these regions “home” into a greater Germany, but also relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. This policy began in 1938 on 12 March when Hitler annexed Austria to the Third Reich.

Volga nemislari yashash Sovet Ittifoqi internatda bo’lgan gulaglar or forcibly relocated during the Ikkinchi jahon urushi. [150]

1945–1990

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to the reunification of East and West Germany.

World War II brought about the decline of Pan-Germanizm, much as World War I had led to the demise of Pan-slavinizm. The Germans in Central and Eastern Europe fled [151] or were expelled, [152] parts of Germany itself were devastated, and the country was divided, firstly into Russian, French, American, and British zones and then into G’arbiy Germaniya va Sharqiy Germaniya.

Germany suffered even larger territorial losses than it did in the First World War, with huge portions of eastern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union [153] va Polsha. [154] [155] The scale of the Germans’ defeat was unprecedented. Nationalism and Pan-Germanism became almost taboo because they had been used so destructively by the Nazis. Indeed, the word “Volksdeutscher” in reference to ethnic Germans naturalized during WWII later developed into a mild epithet.

From the 1960s, Germany also saw increasing immigration, especially from Turkey, under an official programme aimed at encouraging “Gastarbeiter ” or guestworkers to the country to provide labour during the post-war economic boom years. Although it had been expected that such workers would return home, many settled in Germany, with their descendants becoming German citizens. [156]

1990 yil – hozirgi kunga qadar

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Germaniyaning birlashishi

Biroq, Germaniyaning birlashishi in 1990 revived the old debates. The fear of nationalistic misuse of Pan-Germanism nevertheless remains strong. But the overwhelming majority of Germans today are not chauvinistic in nationalism, but in 2006 and again in 2010, the Germaniya futbol terma jamoasi won third place in the 2006 va 2010 yilgi FIFA Jahon chempionatlari, ignited a positive scene of German pride, enhanced by success in sport.

Helmut Kol played a principal role in the German reunification.

For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. [157] However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. [157] [158] During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment “I’m proud to be German.” And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with “near or absolute certainty”. [159] Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there’s an ongoing normalizatsiya and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country. [158]

Angela Merkel, Germaniya kansleri 2005 yildan beri

O’rtasida Evropa suveren-qarz inqirozi, Radek Sikorski, Poland’s Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, “I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe’s indispensable nation.” [160] According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at Milliy qiziqish, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany’s history. “This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin’s position at the center of the Continent.” [160] Heilbrunn believes that the adage, “what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union” has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany’s national identity stems from focusing less on its Natsist past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed—and not represented—by Natsizm. [160] The evolution is further precipitated by Germany’s conspicuous position as Europe’s strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski ‘s effusive praise for his country’s western neighbor. [160] This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.

Shuningdek qarang

• Germaniya demografiyasi
• Germaniyaga qarshi kayfiyat
• Die Deschen, ZDF’s documentary television series
• Evropadagi etnik guruhlar
• Evropaning genetik tarixi
• Germaniyaning sharqqa kengayishi
• Alzatslar va lotareyaliklar ro’yxati
• Avstriyaliklar ro’yxati
• Qadimgi german xalqlarining ro’yxati
• Shveytsariya aholisi ro’yxati
• Nemislar uchun ishlatiladigan atamalar ro’yxati
• Names for the German language
• Etnik nemislarni uyushtirilgan ta’qiblar

• Germaniya portali
• Avstriya portali
• Shveytsariya portali
• Lyuksemburg portali

Izohlar

1. ^ Hammasidan ustun Lyuteranizm, Kalvinizm va Birlashgan protestant (Lutheran & Reformed); further details:Prussiya cherkovlar ittifoqi
2. ^ Hammasidan ustun Lyuteranizm, Kalvinizm va Birlashgan protestant (Lutheran & Reformed); further details:Germaniyadagi Evangelist cherkovi
3. ^ alongside the slightly earlier term Almayns; Trevisaning Yuhanno ‘s 1387 translation of Ranulf Xigdon “s Polikronikon ega: Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemen and to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Golland was the adjective used in the sense “pertaining to Germans”. Dan foydalanish Nemis as an adjective dates to ca. 1550. The adjective Golland narrowed its sense to “of the Netherlands” during the 17th century.
4. ^ In these countries, the number of people claiming German ancestry exceeds 1,000,000 and a significant percentage of the population claim German ancestry. For sources: see table in German diaspora main article.
5. ^ Here is used the estimate of the United Nations (2,07 billion people in the world, 1930), and all the populations from the map combined. 2,07 billion is taken as 100%, and 93,379,200 is taken as x. 2,700,000,000 – 100%, 93,379,200 – x. x=93,379,200*100%/2,070,000,000=4,5110724637681=4,5%
6. ^Bo’lingan refers to relatively strong regionalism among the Germans within the Federal Republic of Germany. The events of the 20th century also affected the nation. As a result, the German people remain divided in the 21st century, though the degree of division is one much diminished after two world wars, the Cold War, and the German reunification.

Adabiyotlar

1. ^ abv “Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia” by Jeffri Koul (2011), p. 171; “Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, . “
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   Ingliz tili: Today, the profile of the Germans living here is different and no longer have the numerical weight they once reached. 1940-1950 yillarda ular Chilining ikkinchi yirik xorijiy guruhida bo’lib, 13% ni (13000 nemis) tashkil etgan. According to the last census in 2002, however, they are in eighth place: they are only 5,500 people, equivalent to 3% of foreigners. However, the colony of families of German origin is active and numerous. Germaniya-Chili savdo palatasining (Kamchal) aloqa bo’yicha menejeri Karla Berndtning so’zlariga ko’ra, avlodlar 500 ming kishini tashkil etgan. Concentrated in the south and center of the country, where they find a more congenial climate, its network of institutions is wide. ‘There are clinics, clubs, a Chilean-German League, fire companies and a German weekly newspaper called Condor. Chile is the place in which the largest number of German schools, 24 which is a lot for such a small country of only 16 million people’, says Berndt.
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Bibliografiya

• Brays, Benjamin. Buenos-Ayresga tegishli: nemislar, argentinaliklar va plyuralistik jamiyatning ko’tarilishi. Stenford, Kaliforniya: Stenford universiteti matbuoti, 2018 yil.
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Nemis tili sifatlari: nominativ, kelishik va kelishik holatlari

Quyidagi jadvalda. Uchun sifat sonlari keltirilgannominativ aniq artikllar bilan ish (der, o’l, das) va noaniq maqolalar (ein, eine, keine).

Erkak der	Ayol o’lmoq	Neytral das	Ko’plik o’lmoq
der neue Wagen yangi mashina	o’lish schöne Shtadt go’zal shahar	das alte Avtomatik eski mashina	o’lish neuuz Byuxer yangi kitoblar
Erkak ein	Ayol eine	Neytral ein	Ko’plik keine
ein neuer Wagen yangi mashina	eine schöne Shtadt go’zal shahar	ein altes Avtomatik eski mashina	keine neuuz Byuxer yangi kitoblar yo’q

Bu erda nimalar bo’layotganini yanada aniqroq aniqlash uchun quyidagi ikkita nemischa jumlani ko’rib chiqing. So’z haqida nimani sezasiz?grau?

1. Das Haus ist grau. (Uy kulrang.)
2. Das graue Haus ist rechts. (Kulrang uy o’ngda.)

Agar siz bunga javob bergan bo’lsangizgrau birinchi gapda oxiri yo’q vagrau Ikkinchi jumlaga oxiri bor, siz haqsiz! Grammatik ma’noda so’zlarga qo’shimchalar kiritish “burilish” yoki “moyillik” deb nomlanadi. So’zlarga son qo’yganimizda, biz ularni “qo’shib qo’yamiz” yoki “kamaytiramiz”.

Germancha ko’p narsalar singari, bu ham qadimgi ingliz tilida sodir bo’lgan. Zamonaviy nemis tilining grammatikasi qadimgi ingliz tiliga o’xshaydi (shu jumladan, ismlar uchun jins!). Ammo zamonaviy ingliz tilida sifatlarning egilishi mavjud emas. Kulrang uy haqidagi avvalgi ikkita jumlaning ingliz tilidagi versiyasini ko’rib chiqsangiz, buni tasdiqlashingiz mumkin. 2-jumlada nemischa so’zgrau bor –e oxiri va inglizcha “grey” so’zining oxiri yo’q.

Keyingi mantiqiy savol: Nega shunday qiladigrau bitta gapda oxiri bor, boshqasida emasmi? Ikki jumlani yana bir bor ko’rib chiqing va ehtimol siz sezilarli farqni ko’rishingiz mumkin. Agar sifat (grau) keladioldin ism (Haus), u oxiriga muhtoj. Agar u kelsakeyin ot va fe’l (ist), uning oxiri bo’lmasligi kerak. Sifatning otdan oldin minimal tugashi “e” dir, ammo boshqa ba’zi imkoniyatlar mavjud. Quyida ushbu imkoniyatlarning ba’zilari va ulardan foydalanish qoidalarini ko’rib chiqamiz.

Ishlarni tushunish

Ammo birinchi navbatda, biz boshqa grammatik atama haqida gaplashishimiz kerak: ish. Ingliz tili o’qituvchingiz o’rtasidagi farqni tushuntirishga harakat qilganini eslangnominativ vaob’ektiv holatlarmi? Agar siz tushunchani ingliz tilida tushunsangiz, bu sizga nemis tilida yordam beradi. Bu asosan juda oddiy: nominativ = mavzu va ob’ektiv = to’g’ridan-to’g’ri yoki bilvosita ob’ekt. Hozircha biz sodda, nominativ holatga sodiq qolamiz.

“Das Haus ist grau” jumlasida. mavzudas Haus vadas Haus bunominativ. Bu “Das graue Haus ist rechts” uchun xuddi shunday. Ikkala jumlada ham “das Haus” nominativ sub’ektdir. Buning qoidasi oddiy: nominativ holatda aniq artikl bilan (the /der, o’l, das) sifatning oxiri –e sifat otdan oldin kelganda. Shunday qilib biz “Der blau” ni olamizeWagen . “(Moviy mashina . ),” Die kleine Stadt .. “(kichik shaharcha . ) yoki” Das schöne Mädchen . “(Chiroyli qiz . ).

Ammo “Das Mädchen ist schön” deb aytsak. (Qiz chiroyli.) Yoki “Der Wagen ist blau.” (Mashina ko’k rangda.), Sifatda umuman tugash yo’q (schön yokiblau) chunki sifat otdan keyin joylashgan (predikativ sifat).

Belgili artiklli sifatlarning qoida (der, o’lmoq, das) yoki so’zdaderso’zlar (dizer, jederva hokazo) oddiy, chunki oxiri har doim –e ichidanominativ hol (har doim ko‘plikdan tashqari –uz barcha holatlarda!).

Biroq, sifat an bilan ishlatilgandaeinso’z (ein, dein, keineva hokazo), sifatdosh ergashgan ismning jinsini aks ettirishi kerak. Sifat oxirlari –er, –eva –esmaqolalarga mos keladider, o’lmoqvadas navbati bilan (masc., fem. va neytral). Bir marta siz harflarning parallelligi va kelishuvini ko’rasizr, e, s bilander, o’lmoq, das, u dastlab ko’rinishi mumkin bo’lganidan kamroq murakkablashadi.

Agar bu sizga hali ham murakkab bo’lib tuyulsa, siz Udo Klingerning “Deklination von Adjektiven” dan yordam olishingiz mumkin (faqat nemis tilida).

Ajablanarlisi (ingliz tilida so’zlashadigan kishi uchun) nemis bolalari bularning barchasini tabiiy ravishda gapirishni o’rganish jarayonida o’rganadilar. Buni hech kim tushuntirishi shart emas! Shunday qilib, agar siz kamida nemis tilida Avstriya, Germaniya yoki Shveytsariyada besh yoshli bola bilan gaplashmoqchi bo’lsangiz, ushbu qoidalardan ham foydalanishingiz kerak. E’tibor bering, men “tushuntiring” emas, balki “ishlating”. Besh yashar bola bu erda mavjud bo’lgan grammatik qoidalarni tushuntira olmaydi, lekin u ulardan foydalanishi mumkin.

Bu, shuningdek, ingliz tilida so’zlashuvchilarga nemis tilida ismlarning jinsini o’rganish muhimligini taassurot qoldirish uchun yaxshi misoldir. Agar buni bilmasangizHaus neytral (das), keyin aytolmaysiz (yoki yozolmaysiz) “Er hat ein neues Haus. “(” Uning yangi uyi bor. “).

Agar sizga ushbu sohada yordam kerak bo’lsa, nemis ismining ismini bilish uchun sizga yordam beradigan bir nechta fokuslarni muhokama qiladigan “Jinsiy maslahatlar” xususiyatimizga qarang. der, o’lmoq, yokidas!

Ayblov ishi (to’g’ridan-to’g’ri ob’ekt)

Quyidagi jadvalda. Uchun sifat sonlari keltirilganayblov aniq artikllar bilan ish (der, dem, der) va noaniq maqolalar (einen, einem, einer, keinen).

Erkak in	Ayol o’lmoq	Neytral das	Ko’plik o’lmoq
den neuuz Wagen yangi mashina	o’lish schöne Shtadt go’zal shahar	das alte Avtomatik eski mashina	o’lish neuuz Byuxer yangi kitoblar
Erkak einen	Ayol eine	Neytral ein	Ko’plik keine
einen neuuz Wagen yangi mashina	eine schöne Shtadt go’zal shahar	ein altes Avtomatik eski mashina	keine neuuz Byuxer yangi kitoblar yo’q

Dative Case (bilvosita ob’ekt)

Quyidagi jadvalda. Uchun sifat sonlari keltirilgan tarixiy aniq artikllar bilan ish (der, dem, der) va noaniq maqolalar (einen, einem, einer, keinen). Uchun sifat sonlarigenetik ish dative bilan bir xil naqshga amal qiladi.

Erkak dem	Ayol der	Neytral dem	Ko’plik in
dem nettuz Mann (yaxshi) odamga	der schönuz Frau (go’zal ayolga)	dem nettuz Mädchen (yaxshi) qizga	den anderuz Leuten* (boshqalarga)
Erkak einem	Ayol einer	Neytral einem	Ko’plik keinen
einem nettuz Mann (yaxshi odam)	einer schönuz Frau (go’zal ayol)	einem nettuz Mädchen (yaxshi) qizga	keinen anderuz Leuten* (boshqa) boshqa odamlar yo’q

* Tarkibdagi ko’plikdagi otlar -n yoki -en qo’shimchasini qo’shadi, agar ko’plik shakli allaqachon – (e) n bilan tugamasa.

Avvalroq birinchi sahifada ko’rganimizdek (Nominativ), ismdan oldin kelgan sifatning oxiri bo’lishi kerak – kamida an –e. Shuningdek, e’tibor bering, bu erda ACCUSATIVE (to’g’ridan-to’g’ri ob’ekt) ishida ko’rsatilgan sonlar NOMINATIVE (mavzu) ishidagi bilan bir xil – faqat bundan mustasnoerkakcha jins (der / den). Ish nominativdan o’zgarganda erkaklar jinsi boshqacha ko’rinishga ega (derayblovga (in).

“Der blaue Wagen ist neu” jumlasida mavzuder Wagen vader Wagen bunominativ. Ammo “Ich kaufe den blauen Wagen” deb aytsak. (“Men ko’k mashinani sotib olaman.”), Keyin “der Wagen” “den Wagen” ga o’zgaradiayblov ob’ekt. Bu erda sifat tugaydigan qoida quyidagicha: aniq artikl bilan kelishik holatida (the /in, o’l, das) sifat tugashi har doim –uzuchunerkakcha (in) shakl. Ammo u qoladi –e uchuno’lmoq yokidas. Shunday qilib biz “. den blau” ni olamizuzWagen . “(. ko’k mashina . ), lekin” . die blaue Tür .. “(ko’k eshik), yoki” . das blaue Buch . “(ko’k kitob).

Sifat an bilan ishlatilgandaeinso’z (einen, dein, keineva hokazo.), orttirma sifat qo’shimchasi quyidagi ismning jinsi va holatini aks ettirishi kerak. Sifat oxirlari –uz, –eva –es maqolalarga mos keladiin, o’lmoqvadas navbati bilan (masc., fem. va neytral). Bir marta siz harflarning parallelligi va kelishuvini ko’rasizn, e, s bilanin, o’lmoq, das, bu jarayonni biroz aniqroq qiladi.

Ko’pgina nemis o’quvchilari DATIVE (bilvosita ob’ekt) ishini qo’rqituvchi deb bilishadi, ammo gapda sonli sonlar haqida gap ketganda, bu oddiyroq bo’lishi mumkin emas. Tugash har doim – uz! Bo’ldi shu! Va bu oddiy qoida aniq yoki noaniq artikllar bilan ishlatiladigan sifatlarga nisbatan qo’llaniladi (vaeinso’zlar).

Bu nemis tilida ismlarning jinsini o’rganish nega muhimligini yana bir misol. Agar buni bilmasangiz Wagen erkaklarcha (der), keyin siz “Er hat einen neu” deb aytolmaysiz (yoki yozolmaysiz)uz Wagen. “(” Uning yangi mashinasi bor. “)

Nemis raqamlari

Nemis raqamlari, kundalik hayotimizning aksariyat qismini egallaydi. Boshqa odamlar bilan suhbatlashganda ham; Biz uni telefon raqamlari, pul miqdori, sanalar va hokazo kabi ko’plab sohalarda ishlatishimiz kerak. Raqamlarni bilish bilan bir qatorda to’g’ri aksentga ega bo’lish muhimdir. Shuning uchun biz raqamlarni to’g’ri urg’u bilan o’rganishimiz kerak.

Nemis raqamlarini eng tezkor tarzda o’rganish uchun siz taklif qilgan raqamlarni birma-bir o’qish va tinglash bilan mashq qilishingiz kerak. Raqamlarni osongina o’rganishingiz uchun siz biz tayyorlagan videodagi tarkibni kuzatishingiz va tinglashingiz mumkin. Doimiy tinglash natijasida siz Nemis raqamlarini juda qisqa vaqt ichida o’rganasiz!

Nemis raqamlari va ularning talaffuzlari dastlab Nemis tilini o’rganish uchun o’rganilishi kerak bo’lgan eng muhim masalalardan biri hisoblanadi. Shu sababli, til ta’limini to’g’ri bajarish uchun siz juda yaxshi o’rganishingiz kerak.

Nemis raqamlari ostida 1dan 100gacha siz uchun berilgan. Har kuni raqamlarni muntazam ravishda kuzatib borish orqali biz siz uchun tayyorlagan videofilm orqali til bilimingizni osongina mustahkamlashingiz mumkin.

2022

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