Nemis Tili B2

Mamlakat	Nemis tilida so’zlashadigan aholi (nemis tilida so’zlashadigan davlatlardan tashqarida)
Qo’shma Shtatlar	5,000,000 [100]
Braziliya	3,000,000 [100]
Rossiya	2,000,000 [100]
Argentina	500,000 [100]
Kanada	450,000 [100] –620,000 [101]
Italiya	250,000 [100]
Vengriya	220,000 [100]
Polsha	148,000 [102]
Avstraliya	110,000 [100]
Meksika	100000 (mennonitlar) [103]
Janubiy Afrika	75,000 (Germaniyalik chet el fuqarolari) [100]
Shvetsiya	72,000 [104]
Belgiya	66,000 [100]
Paragvay	56,000 [105]
Chili	40,000 [100]
Yangi Zelandiya	36,000 [100]
Gvatemala	35,000 [106]
Namibiya	30,000 (Germaniya chet el fuqarolari) [100]
Daniya	20,000 [100]
Ruminiya	15,000 [100]
Venesuela	10,000 [100]
Ukraina	4,206 [107]

Geografik taqsimot

Asosiy maqola: Nemis diasporasi

Nemis kelib chiqishi bo’lgan odamlar dunyoning turli joylarida joylashgan. Qo’shma Shtatlar taxminan 50 million kishining uyi Nemis amerikaliklar yoki nemis diasporasining uchdan bir qismi, bu Germaniyadan tashqarida nemis kelib chiqqan odamlarning eng yirik markaziga aylandi. Braziliya nemis nasabiga da’vo qilgan 5 million odam bilan ikkinchi o’rinda turadi. Boshqa muhim markazlar Kanada, Argentina, Janubiy Afrika va Frantsiya ularning har biri kamida 1 mln. Nemis millatiga mansub odamlarning aniq sonini hisoblash qiyin bo’lsa-da, mavjud ma’lumotlar 100 million kishidan oshganini da’vo qilish xavfsizligini ta’minlaydi. [1]

Madaniyat

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya madaniyati

Adabiyot

Asosiy maqola: Nemis adabiyoti

Fikrlar yurishi, Berlin, haykalni sharaflash Yoxannes Gutenberg va Germaniyaning eng nufuzli yozuvchilari

Gottxold Efrayim Lessing ma’rifat davri.

Gerxart Hauptmann, 1912 yilda adabiyot bo’yicha Nobel mukofotini olgan nemis dramaturg va roman yozuvchisi.

Tomas Mann, nemis yozuvchisi, qissa yozuvchisi, ijtimoiy tanqidchi, xayriyachi, esseist va adabiyot bo’yicha 1929 yilgi Nobel mukofoti laureati.

Gyunter Grass 1999 yil adabiyot bo’yicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindori bo’lgan.

Herta Myuller, ning Banat shvabian kelib chiqishi, a-da tug’ilgan Ruminiyadagi nemis ozchiliklari. U o’z romani uchun Adabiyot bo’yicha 2009 yilgi Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo’lgan Atemschaukel.

Falsafa

Asosiy maqola: Nemis falsafasi

Germaniyaning falsafaga ta’siri tarixiy ahamiyatga ega va ko’plab taniqli nemis faylasuflari shakllanishiga yordam berishdi G’arb falsafasi O’rta asrlardan beri. Zamonaviy tabiatshunoslik fanlari rivoji va shu bilan bog’liq dinning tanazzulga uchrashi bir qator savollarni tug’dirdi, ular nemis falsafasida takrorlanib turar edilar: bilim va e’tiqod, aql va tuyg’u o’rtasidagi munosabatlar va dunyoni ko’rishning ilmiy, axloqiy va badiiy usullari.

Nemis faylasufi Immanuil Kant

Nemis faylasuflari shakllantirishga yordam berdi g’arbiy falsafa O’rta asrlardanoq (Albertus Magnus ). Keyinchalik, Leybnits (17-asr) va eng muhimi Kant markaziy rollarni o’ynagan falsafa tarixi. Kantizm ning ishiga ilhom bergan Shopenhauer va Nitsshe shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Nemis idealizmi tomonidan himoya qilingan Fixe va Hegel. Engels rivojlanishiga yordam berdi kommunistik nazariya 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida esa Heidegger va Gadamer 20-asrda nemis falsafasi an’analarini davom ettirdi. Qator nemis ziyolilari ham ta’sir ko’rsatgan sotsiologiya, eng muhimi Adorno, Xabarlar, Xorkxaymer, Luhmann, Simmel, Tonies va Weber. The Berlin universiteti tilshunos va faylasuf tomonidan 1810 yilda tashkil etilgan Wilhelm von Gumboldt bir qator zamonaviy g’arb universitetlari uchun ta’sirchan model bo’lib xizmat qildi.

21-asrda Germaniya zamonaviyni rivojlantirish uchun muhim mamlakat bo’ldi analitik falsafa Evropa qit’asida, Frantsiya, Avstriya, Shveytsariya va Skandinaviya davlatlari bilan bir qatorda. [108]

O’rta asr nemis faylasufi Albertus Magnus haykali endi katolik avliyosi deb e’lon qildi.

Kitobi bilan tanilgan nemis faylasufi Artur Shopenhauer, Dunyo iroda va vakillik sifatida. U ijodi orqali ko’plab boshqa mutafakkirlarga ta’sir ko’rsatdi.

Ijtimoiy fanlarning barpo etilishida va sotsialistik harakatning rivojlanishida Karl Marks g’oyalari katta rol o’ynadi. U hayoti davomida ko’plab kitoblarni nashr etdi, bu eng ko’zga ko’ringan narsa Kommunistik manifest va Poytaxt. U shuningdek, barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk iqtisodchilaridan biri hisoblanadi.

Fridrix Engels Karl Marks bilan birga ijtimoiy olim, muallif, siyosiy nazariyotchi, faylasuf va marksistik nazariyaning otasi edi. U hammuallifi Kommunistik manifest.

Maks Veber ijtimoiy nazariya, ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar va sotsiologiya intizomiga chuqur ta’sir ko’rsatgan sotsiolog, faylasuf va siyosiy iqtisodchi edi. Ember Dyurkgeym va Karl Marks sotsiologiyaning uchta asoschisidan biri sifatida Veber tez-tez tilga olinadi.

Ilm-fan

Asosiy maqolalar: Germaniyadagi fan va texnika va Nemis ixtirochilari va kashfiyotchilari

Germaniya kabi ko’plab taniqli ixtirochilar va muhandislarning uyi bo’lgan Yoxannes Gutenberg, ixtiroga kim ishonadi harakatlanuvchi turi bosib chiqarish Evropada; Xans Geyger, ning yaratuvchisi Geyger hisoblagichi; va Konrad Zuse, birinchi elektron kompyuterni kim yaratgan. [109] Kabi nemis ixtirochilari, muhandislari va sanoatchilari Zeppelin, Daimler, Dizel, Otto, Vankel, Fon Braun va Benz zamonaviy avtomobil va havo transporti texnologiyasini shakllantirishga, shu jumladan kosmik sayohatning boshlanishiga yordam berdi. [110] [111]

Ishi Devid Xilbert, Maks Plank va Albert Eynshteyn zamonaviy poydevori uchun juda muhim edi fizika, qaysi Verner Geyzenberg va Ervin Shredinger yanada rivojlangan. [112] Ulardan oldin shunday muhim fiziklar bor edi Hermann fon Helmholts va Jozef fon Fraunhofer, Boshqalar orasida. Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen topilgan X-nurlari, uni birinchi g’olibiga aylantirgan yutuq Fizika bo’yicha Nobel mukofoti 1901 yilda. [113] The Walxalla ibodatxonasi “maqtovga sazovor va taniqli nemislar” uchun bir qator olimlar qatnashgan va sharqda joylashgan Regensburg, yilda Bavariya. [114] [115]

Yoxannes Gutenbergning birinchi harakatlanuvchi turini ixtiro qilganligi uchun yodgorlik haykali; bosmaxona.

Konrad Zuse tomonidan yaratilgan dunyodagi birinchi kompyuterning ichaklaridagi o’zaro bog’liq metallning ajoyib panoramasi.

Xans Geyger ixtiro qilgan Geyger hisoblagichi – bu ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishni o’lchaydigan zarralar detektorining bir turi.

Vilgelm Rentgen (1845-1923) tomonidan uning rafiqasi Anna Berta Lyudvigning chap qo’lidagi birinchi rentgen nurlaridan birining nusxasi. U 1896 yil 1 yanvarda Frayburg universiteti Fizik instituti professori Lyudvig Zehnderga sovg’a qilingan.

Musiqa

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya musiqasi
Portreti Lyudvig van Betxoven tomonidan Jozef Karl Stieler, 1820

Musiqa sohasida Germaniya (shu jumladan, 1860 yillarga qadar Avstriya) eng taniqli kishilarning bir qismini talab qiladi klassik dunyo bastakorlari, shu jumladan Bax, Motsart va Betxoven, o’rtasida o’tishni belgilagan Klassik va Romantik G’arb mumtoz musiqasidagi davrlar. Boshqa kompozitorlar Austro – Xalqaro shon-sharafga erishgan germaniyalik urf-odatlar qatoriga kiradi Braxlar, Vagner, Haydn, Shubert, Xandel, Shumann, Liszt, Mendelson Bartoldi, Johann Strauss II, Brukner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Shoenberg, Orff va yaqinda, Xenze, Lachenmann va Stokhauzen.

2008 yildan boshlab [yangilash] , Germaniya dunyodagi to’rtinchi yirik musiqa bozoridir [116] va kuchli ta’sir ko’rsatdi Raqs va Rok musiqasi va kashshoflar trans musiqasi. Kabi rassomlar Gerbert Grönemeyer, Chayonlar, Rammshteyn, Nena, Diter Bohlen, Tokio mehmonxonasi va Zamonaviy suhbat xalqaro shuhratga ega bo’lganlar. Nemis musiqachilari va ayniqsa kashshof guruhlar Mandarin orzusi va Kraftverk ning rivojlanishiga ham hissa qo’shgan elektron musiqa. [117] Germaniya ko’plab yirik toshlarga mezbonlik qiladi musiqa festivallari har yili. The Rok am halqa festival Germaniyadagi va dunyodagi eng yirik musiqiy festivaldir. Nemis rassomlari ham katta foizni tashkil etadi Sanoat musiqasi deb nomlangan harakatlar Neue Deutsche Härte. Germaniya eng yiriklaridan biriga mezbonlik qiladi Goth Wave-Gothic-Treffen va kabi voqealar bilan butun dunyodagi sahnalar va festivallar M’era Luna festivali osongina 30000 kishini jalb qiladi. Germaniyaning taniqli rassomlari orasida Gollandiyaning turli xil qiziqchilari bor, masalan Yoxannes Xesters. [118]

Richard Strauss kech romantik va zamonaviy davrlarning etakchi nemis bastakori hisoblanadi.

Richard Vagner mumtoz musiqa rivojiga katta ta’sir ko’rsatdi; uning Tristan und Isolde-ni ba’zan zamonaviy musiqaning boshlanishi deb ta’riflashadi.

1965 yilda tashkil etilgan “Scorpions” rok guruhi, endi musiqa tarixidagi eng ko’p sotilgan aktlardan biri sifatida qaralmoqda.

Neue Deutsche Welle-ni o’z qo’shig’i bilan xalqaro e’tiborga olib chiqqan qo’shiqchi va aktrisa Nena 99 Luftbolonlar.

Tomas Anders va Diter Bohlendan tashkil topgan “Syntpop” dueti “Modern Talking” 1980-yillarda Germaniyaning eng muvaffaqiyatli aktlaridan biriga aylandi.

Kino

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya kinoteatri

Nemis kinosi o’rta asrning dastlabki yillaridan boshlab ishi bilan boshlangan Maks Skladanovskiy. Bu, ayniqsa, yillar davomida ta’sirchan bo’lgan Veymar Respublikasi bilan Nemis ekspressionistlari kabi Robert Viyen va Fridrix Vilgelm Murnau. The Natsistlar davri ishi bo’lsa-da, asosan targ’ibot filmlarini ishlab chiqargan Leni Riefenstahl hali ham filmda yangi estetikani joriy etdi. 1960-yillardan boshlab, Yangi nemis kinoteatri kabi rejissyorlar Volker Schlöndorff, Verner Gertsog, Wim Wenders, Rayner Verner Fassbinder joylashtirilgan G’arbiy nemis kino tez-tez provokatsion filmlari bilan xalqaro sahnaga qaytmoqda DEFA kinostudiyasi boshqariladigan filmlarni ishlab chiqarish GDR.

Yaqinda kabi filmlar Das yuklash (1981), Hech qachon tugamaydigan voqea (1984) Lola Runni boshqaring (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Leninga xayr! (2003), Gegen die Wand (bosh bilan) (2004) va Der Untergang (Yiqilish) (2004) xalqaro muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. 2002 yilda “Eng yaxshi chet tilidagi film” uchun Oskar mukofotiga sazovor bo’ldi Kerolin havolasi “s Afrikaning hech qaerida va 2007 yilda Florian Xenkkel fon Donnersmark “s Boshqalarning hayoti. The Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali 1951 yildan buyon har yili o’tkazib kelinayotgan bu dunyodagi eng taniqli kino va kino festivallaridan biridir. [119]

Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali reklamasi
Leni Riefenstahl o’zining estetikasi va kinorejissyor sifatida yangiliklari bilan mashhur edi
Uchun plakat Doktor Kaligari kabineti rejissor Robert Viyen

Arxitektura

Asosiy maqola: Germaniya me’morchiligi
Noyshvanshteyn qasri Bavariyada

Arxitektura Germaniyaning hissalariga quyidagilar kiradi Karolingian va Otton uslublari, ning muhim prekursorlari Romanesk. Keyinchalik mintaqa kabi uslublarda muhim asarlar yaratdi Gotik, Uyg’onish davri va Barok.

Dastlab millat ayniqsa muhim edi zamonaviy harakat orqali Deutscher Werkbund va Bauhaus bilan aniqlangan harakat Valter Gropius. The Natsistlar bu harakatlarni yopdi va bir turini ma’qulladi neo-klassizm. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri, ayniqsa Berlin qayta birlashgandan keyin yana muhim zamonaviy va post-zamonaviy inshootlar qurildi.

Detlev-Rohvedder-Xaus, sobiq Reichsluftfahrtministerium (hozir a Federal moliya vazirligi bino)
Dornstettendagi bozor joyi

Din

Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada din

Rim katolikligi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida yagona diniy din bo’lgan Islohot buni tubdan o’zgartirdi. 1517 yilda Martin Lyuter katolik cherkoviga qarshi chiqdi, chunki u buni nasroniylik e’tiqodining buzilishi deb bildi. Bu orqali u Evropa va jahon tarixining yo’nalishini o’zgartirdi va protestantizmni o’rnatdi. [120] The O’ttiz yillik urush (1618–1648) Evropa tarixidagi eng vayronkor mojarolardan biri edi. Urush birinchi navbatda hozirgi Germaniya hududida olib borilgan va turli nuqtalarda Evropaning aksariyat davlatlari ishtirok etgan. Urush asosan Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida protestantlar va katoliklar o’rtasidagi diniy mojaro sifatida olib borilgan. [121]

Ga binoan eng so’nggi umummilliy ro’yxatga olish, Rim katoliklari Germaniyaning umumiy aholisining 29,5 foizini, Evangelist protestantlari esa 27,9 foizini tashkil etdi. Boshqa nasroniy konfessiyalar, boshqa dinlar, ateistlar yoki ko’rsatilmaganlar o’sha paytda aholining 42,6 foizini tashkil qilgan. “Boshqalar” qatoriga protestantlar ham kiritilmagan Germaniyaning Evangelist cherkovi va boshqa nasroniylar kabi Restorantist Yangi Apostol cherkovi. Protestantizm Germaniya fuqarolari orasida ko’proq tarqalgan edi. [122] Shimoliy va Sharqiy Germaniya asosan protestant, janubiy va g’arbiy jihatdan katolikdir. Hozirgi kunda Gamburg va Sharqiy Germaniya shtatlarida diniy bo’lmagan ko’pchilik mavjud. [123]

Tarixiy jihatdan Germaniya muhim ahamiyatga ega edi Yahudiy ozchilik. Keyinchalik Germaniyada bir necha ming yahudiy kelib chiqishi bo’lgan odamlar qoldi Holokost, ammo nemis yahudiylar jamoatining hozirda taxminan 100000 a’zosi bor, ularning ko’pchiligi avvalgi a’zolardan Sovet Ittifoqi. Germaniyada ham musulmonlarning ozchilik qismi bor, ularning aksariyati muhojirlar kurka.

Germaniya dinshunoslari kiradi Lyuter, Melanchton, Shleyermaxr, Feyerbax va Rudolf Otto. Germaniya ham ko’plarni tarbiyaladi tasavvufchilar shu jumladan Mayster Ekxart, Rudolf Shtayner, Yakob Bome va ba’zi papalar (masalan, Benedikt XVI ).

The Mayster Ekxart Erfurt cherkovining portali
Papa Benedikt XVI va ruhoniylari Katolik cherkovi massada Frayburg, Germaniya
Arafasida Muqaddas Rim imperiyasida din O’ttiz yillik urush

2011 yilgi mamlakat bo’ylab aholini ro’yxatga olish bo’yicha etakchi diniy guruh. Katoliklar janubda va g’arbda, sharqda va yirik shaharlarda diniy bo’lmaganlar (boshqa dinlarni o’z ichiga olgan va ko’rsatilmagan), protestantlar Germaniyaning shimoliy va markaziy qismlarida hukmronlik qilmoqda.

Sport

Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada sport
The Allianz Arena, dunyodagi eng zamonaviy futbol stadionlaridan biri.

Sport nemis hayotining ajralmas qismini tashkil etadi, buni 27 million nemislar sport klubining a’zosi ekanligi va qo’shimcha o’n ikki million kishi ushbu faoliyatni alohida-alohida amalga oshirayotganligi ko’rsatib turibdi. [124] Futbol eng mashhur sport turidir va 6,3 milliondan ortiq a’zolari bo’lgan Germaniya futbol federatsiyasi (Deutscher Fußballbund) mamlakatdagi eng yirik sport tashkiloti hisoblanadi. [124] Bundan tashqari, yuz minglab tomoshabinlar tashrif buyuradigan eng katta auditoriyani jalb qiladi Bundesliga gugurt va millionlab televizorni tomosha qilish.

Boshqa mashhur sport turlari Maydonda xokkey, gandbol, voleybol, basketbol, muzli xokkey va Qishki sport turlari. [124] Tarixga ko’ra, nemis sportchilari Olimpiya o’yinlarida muvaffaqiyatli da’vogar bo’lib, uchinchi o’rinni egallab kelishmoqda har doimgi Olimpiya o’yinlari medallarini hisoblash, Sharqiy va G’arbiy Germaniya medallarini birlashtirgan. In 2012 Yozgi Olimpiada, Germaniya oltinchi o’rinni egalladi, holbuki 2010 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o’yinlari Germaniya ikkinchi o’rinni egalladi.

Amerikada ko’plab nemislar ham bor NBA. Yilda 2011, Dirk Novitski bilan birinchi NBA chempionligini qo’lga kiritdi Dallas Maveriks xafa qilish orqali Mayami Xiti. U o’sha yili NBA finalining eng qimmat o’yinchisi deb topilgan.

Mixael Shumaxer F1 karerasida 91 poyga g’olibligini va 7 chempionlikni qo’lga kiritgan.
Germaniya futbol terma jamoasi 2011 yilda

Dirk Nowitski (yashil rangda), Dallas Maveriks forvard, 2011 yil NBA chempioni va finalining eng yaxshi futbolchisi

Jamiyat

Asosiy maqola: Nemislar ro’yxati

Ga ko’ra dunyoning madaniy xaritasi Jahon qadriyatlarini o’rganish, Germaniyani “Ratsional-dunyoviy qadriyatlar” bo’yicha yuqori va “O’z-o’zini ifoda etish qiymatlari” bo’yicha o’rtacha-yuqori deb ta’riflagan.

Germaniya zamonaviy, rivojlangan jamiyat bo’lib, u turmush tarzining ko’pligi va mintaqaviy o’ziga xoslik bilan shakllangan. [125] Mamlakat yuqori darajani o’rnatdi jinsiy tenglik, targ’ib qiladi nogironlik huquqlari, va gomoseksuallarga nisbatan huquqiy va ijtimoiy jihatdan bag’rikengdir. Gey va lezbiyanlar o’zlarining sheriklarining biologik farzandlarini qonuniy ravishda asrab olishlari mumkin va fuqarolik birlashmalari 2001 yildan beri ruxsat berilgan. [126] Sobiq tashqi ishlar vaziri Gvido Vestervelle va Berlinning sobiq meri, Klaus Voveyrit, ochiqchasiga gey. [127]

20-asrning so’nggi o’n yilligida Germaniya muhojirlarga bo’lgan munosabatini o’zgartirdi. 1990-yillarning o’rtalariga qadar Germaniya immigratsiya mamlakati emas degan fikr keng tarqalgan edi, garchi aholining 20 foizga yaqini nemis bo’lmagan. Bugungi kunda Germaniya hukumati va aksariyat etnik madaniy kelib chiqishi bo’lgan immigrantlar Germaniya jamiyatining bir qismi ekanligini va nazorat ostida immigratsiya malaka standartlari asosida boshlanishi kerakligini tan olishmoqda. [128]

Beri 2006 yilgi FIFA Jahon chempionati, Germaniyaning milliy qiyofasini ichki va tashqi baholash o’zgardi. [129] Yillik Milliy brendlar indeksi Germaniya ushbu musobaqadan so’ng ancha yuqori martabaga ega bo’ldi. 20 xil shtatdagi odamlar mamlakatning obro’sini madaniyat, siyosat, eksport, uning aholisi va sayyohlar, muhojirlar va investitsiyalar uchun jozibadorligi nuqtai nazaridan baholashdi. Germaniya 2010 yilda dunyoning 50 ta mamlakati orasida dunyoning ikkinchi eng qadrli xalqi deb topildi. [130] Uchun yana bir global so’rovnoma BBC, Germaniya 2010 yilda dunyodagi eng ijobiy ta’sirga ega deb tan olinganligini aniqladi. 59 foizning aksariyati mamlakat haqida ijobiy fikr bildirsa, 14 foizi salbiy fikrda. [131] [132]

2008 yilda xalqaro sayohat uchun 67 milliard evro sarflangan nemislar sayohat uchun boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda ko’proq pul sarfladilar. Ispaniya, Italiya va Avstriya eng ko’p tashrif buyurgan joylar bo’ldi. [133]

Nemis ayollari nemis tilida tracht milliy liboslar vaqtining Bidermeyer

1400 yilda Nemis jamiyatining mintaqaviy xilma-xilligini aks ettiruvchi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining xaritasi

Caseritz / Kozarcy ning nemis va yuqori sorbiy tillaridagi chegara belgisi

Rutenfest Ravensburg, Baden-Vyurtemberg, Germaniya, “folklor hikoyasini nishonlamoqdaEtti shvabiyalik ” tomonidan Birodarlar Grimmlar

Germaniyalik aktyorlar Sebastyan Ed Erhenbergning “Als der Tod ins Leben wuchs” filmida Volga nemislari

Shaxsiyat

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Pan-Germanizm, Germaniya savoli va Nemis millatchiligi
Germaniya, 1848 yil mart, Frankfurtdagi Mayn-Avliyo cherkovida namoyish etildi
Johann Gottfried Herder

Tadbir Protestant islohoti va yuzaga kelgan siyosat umumiy nemis tili va adabiyotining tarqalishiga javoban paydo bo’lgan nemis identifikatsiyasining kelib chiqishi sifatida ko’rsatildi. [52] Dastlabki nemis milliy madaniyati, shu jumladan adabiy va diniy arboblar orqali rivojlandi Martin Lyuter, Iogann Volfgang fon Gyote va Fridrix Shiller. [134] Nemis millati tushunchasi nemis faylasufi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Johann Gottfried Herder. [135] Germaniyaning o’ziga xosligi mashhurligi keyinroq paydo bo’ldi Frantsiya inqilobi. [51]

Nemis tilini o’zlarining birinchi tili sifatida biladigan, nemis ko’rinadigan va oilalari Germaniyada avlodlar davomida yashagan shaxslar “eng nemis” deb hisoblanadilar, so’ngra kamayib borayotgan nemislik toifalari. Aussiedler (oilalari Sharqiy Evropada yashagan, lekin Germaniyaga qaytib kelgan nemis ajdodlari odamlari), Restdeutsche (tarixan Germaniyaga tegishli bo’lgan, ammo hozir Germaniyadan tashqarida bo’lgan mamlakatlarda yashovchilar), Auswanderer (oilalari Germaniyadan ko’chib ketgan odamlar va shunga o’xshash nemis tilida so’zlashadigan xalqlarda nemis tilida so’zlashadiganlar) Avstriyaliklar Va nihoyat endi nemis tilini bilmaydigan nemis muhojirlari bo’lgan odamlar. [136]

Pan-Germanizmning kelib chiqishi 19 asrning boshlarida paydo bo’lgan Napoleon urushlari. Urushlar Frantsuz inqilobi davrida Frantsiyaning o’zida tug’ilgan yangi harakatni boshladi. 19-asrdagi millatchilik eski aristokratik rejimlarga tahdid solgan. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovlar va Xabsburglar. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Islohot qachon Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of Sharqiy Prussiya, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

1871–1918

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Germaniyaning birlashishi
Avstriya-Vengriya etno-lingvistik xaritasi, 1910 yil

By the 1860s the Prussiya qirolligi va Avstriya imperiyasi were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; ning yaratilishi Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Vengerlar in Austrian territory. Prussia under Otto fon Bismark would eventually ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. Following several wars, most notably the Germaniya urushi in 1866 between Austria and Prussia, with the latter being victorious, the Germaniya imperiyasi (“Second Reich”) was created in 1871 as “Little Germany” without Austria following the proclamation of Vilgelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.

The creation of the multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary empire created strong ethnic conflict between the different ethnicities of the empire. Avstriyadagi nemis millatchiligi grew among all social circles of the empire, many wanted to be unified with the German Reich to form a Buyuk Germaniya and wanted policies to be carried out to enforce their German ethnic identity rejecting any Austrian pan-ethnic identity. [137] Many German Austrians felt annoyed that they were excluded from the German Empire since it included various non-German ethnic groups. [138] Prominent Austrian pan-Germans such as Jorj Ritter fon Shönerer created pan-German movements which demanded the annexation of all ethnic German territories. Members of such movements often wore blue jo’xori gullari, Germaniya imperatorining eng sevimli gullari sifatida tanilgan Uilyam I, ularning tugmachalarida, bilan birga kokadlar nemis milliy ranglarida (qora, qizil va sariq). [139] Avstriya maktablarida ikkala ramz ham vaqtincha taqiqlangan edi. [140] Populists such as the Viennese major Karl Lyueger used anti-semitism and pan-Germanism for their own political purposes. [141] Despite Bismarck’s victory over Austria in 1866 which ultimately excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Reich, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him. [142]

There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Rimdan uzoqda! movement calling for German speakers to identify with Lyuteran yoki Eski katolik cherkovlar. [143]

1918–1945

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Veymar Respublikasi va Uchinchi reyx

Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Markaziy and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. Da Versal shartnomasi Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. The German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state called the “Germaniya-Avstriya Respublikasi “(Nemischa: Deutschösterreich). On 12 November, the National Assembly declared the rump state a republic and Social Democrat Karl Renner vaqtincha kansler sifatida. On the same day, it drafted a provisional constitution which stated that “German-Austria is a democratic republic” (Article 1) and “German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich” (Article 2) with the hope of joining Germany. [144] The name “German-Austria” and union with Germany were forbidden by the Sen-Jermen shartnomasi and the Treaty of Versailles. [145] [146] German-Austria lost the territories of the Sudetenland and German Bohemia to Czechoslovakia, South Tyrol to Italy, and southern Carinthia and Styria to Yugoslavia and the rump state was renamed “Republic of Austria”. With these changes, the era of the Birinchi Avstriya Respublikasi boshlangan. [147] These events are sometimes considered to be a pre-Anschluss urinish.

During the 1920s, the constitutions of both the First Austrian Republic and the Veymar Respublikasi included the goal of union between the two countries, which was supported by all different political parties. In the early 1930s, before the Nazis seized power, popularity for the addition of Austria to Germany remained strong and the Austrian government looked at the possibility of a bojxona ittifoqi with Germany in 1931 but this was stopped by French opposition. [148] In 1933, after Austrian-born Hitler came to power, support for an Anschluss o’sdi. The Austrofashizm davri Dollfuss /Shuschnigg between 1934 and 1938 accepted that Austrians were Germans and that Austria was a “German state” but was strongly opposed to Hitler’s desire to annex Austria to the Third Reich and wished for Austria to remain independent. [149]

The Reyx initiative (German: literally Home into the Reich, ma’no Back to Reich, qarang Reyx ) was a policy pursued by Natsistlar Germaniyasi which attempted to convince people of German descent living outside of Germany (such as Sudetland ) that they should strive to bring these regions “home” into a greater Germany, but also relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. This policy began in 1938 on 12 March when Hitler annexed Austria to the Third Reich.

Volga nemislari yashash Sovet Ittifoqi internatda bo’lgan gulaglar or forcibly relocated during the Ikkinchi jahon urushi. [150]

1945–1990

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to the reunification of East and West Germany.

World War II brought about the decline of Pan-Germanizm, much as World War I had led to the demise of Pan-slavinizm. The Germans in Central and Eastern Europe fled [151] or were expelled, [152] parts of Germany itself were devastated, and the country was divided, firstly into Russian, French, American, and British zones and then into G’arbiy Germaniya va Sharqiy Germaniya.

Germany suffered even larger territorial losses than it did in the First World War, with huge portions of eastern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union [153] va Polsha. [154] [155] The scale of the Germans’ defeat was unprecedented. Nationalism and Pan-Germanism became almost taboo because they had been used so destructively by the Nazis. Indeed, the word “Volksdeutscher” in reference to ethnic Germans naturalized during WWII later developed into a mild epithet.

From the 1960s, Germany also saw increasing immigration, especially from Turkey, under an official programme aimed at encouraging “Gastarbeiter ” or guestworkers to the country to provide labour during the post-war economic boom years. Although it had been expected that such workers would return home, many settled in Germany, with their descendants becoming German citizens. [156]

1990 yil – hozirgi kunga qadar

Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Germaniyaning birlashishi

Biroq, Germaniyaning birlashishi in 1990 revived the old debates. The fear of nationalistic misuse of Pan-Germanism nevertheless remains strong. But the overwhelming majority of Germans today are not chauvinistic in nationalism, but in 2006 and again in 2010, the Germaniya futbol terma jamoasi won third place in the 2006 va 2010 yilgi FIFA Jahon chempionatlari, ignited a positive scene of German pride, enhanced by success in sport.

Helmut Kol played a principal role in the German reunification.

For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. [157] However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. [157] [158] During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment “I’m proud to be German.” And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with “near or absolute certainty”. [159] Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there’s an ongoing normalizatsiya and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country. [158]

Angela Merkel, Germaniya kansleri 2005 yildan beri

O’rtasida Evropa suveren-qarz inqirozi, Radek Sikorski, Poland’s Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, “I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe’s indispensable nation.” [160] According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at Milliy qiziqish, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany’s history. “This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin’s position at the center of the Continent.” [160] Heilbrunn believes that the adage, “what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union” has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany’s national identity stems from focusing less on its Natsist past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed—and not represented—by Natsizm. [160] The evolution is further precipitated by Germany’s conspicuous position as Europe’s strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski ‘s effusive praise for his country’s western neighbor. [160] This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.

Shuningdek qarang

Germaniya demografiyasi
Germaniyaga qarshi kayfiyat
Die Deschen, ZDF’s documentary television series
Evropadagi etnik guruhlar
Evropaning genetik tarixi
Germaniyaning sharqqa kengayishi
Alzatslar va lotareyaliklar ro’yxati
Avstriyaliklar ro’yxati
Qadimgi german xalqlarining ro’yxati
Shveytsariya aholisi ro’yxati
Nemislar uchun ishlatiladigan atamalar ro’yxati
Names for the German language
Etnik nemislarni uyushtirilgan ta’qiblar

Germaniya portali
Avstriya portali
Shveytsariya portali
Lyuksemburg portali

Izohlar

^ Hammasidan ustun Lyuteranizm, Kalvinizm va Birlashgan protestant (Lutheran & Reformed); further details:Prussiya cherkovlar ittifoqi
^ Hammasidan ustun Lyuteranizm, Kalvinizm va Birlashgan protestant (Lutheran & Reformed); further details:Germaniyadagi Evangelist cherkovi
^ alongside the slightly earlier term Almayns; Trevisaning Yuhanno ‘s 1387 translation of Ranulf Xigdon “s Polikronikon ega: Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemen and to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Golland was the adjective used in the sense “pertaining to Germans”. Dan foydalanish Nemis as an adjective dates to ca. 1550. The adjective Golland narrowed its sense to “of the Netherlands” during the 17th century.
^ In these countries, the number of people claiming German ancestry exceeds 1,000,000 and a significant percentage of the population claim German ancestry. For sources: see table in German diaspora main article.
^ Here is used the estimate of the United Nations (2,07 billion people in the world, 1930), and all the populations from the map combined. 2,07 billion is taken as 100%, and 93,379,200 is taken as x. 2,700,000,000 – 100%, 93,379,200 – x. x=93,379,200*100%/2,070,000,000=4,5110724637681=4,5%
^Bo’lingan refers to relatively strong regionalism among the Germans within the Federal Republic of Germany. The events of the 20th century also affected the nation. As a result, the German people remain divided in the 21st century, though the degree of division is one much diminished after two world wars, the Cold War, and the German reunification.

Adabiyotlar

^ abv “Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia” by Jeffri Koul (2011), p. 171; “Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, . “
^“Aholi”. 2017 . Olingan 30 iyul 2019 .
^ Byuro, AQSh aholini ro’yxatga olish. “American FactFinder – natijalar”. Factfinder.census.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2020 yil 13 fevralda . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“Ich bin ein brasileiro: Finding a little piece of Germany in Brazil – Al Jazeera America”. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016 . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url holati noma’lum (havola)
^“The German Times Online – German Roots – Gisele Bundchen”. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url holati noma’lum (havola)
^“Argentina Population 2017”. Jahon aholisi sharhi. 20 dekabr 2017 yil. Argentina has an estimated 2017 population of 44.27 million . about 8% are descended from German immigrants
^http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01
^“Alemanes en Chili: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial” (ispan tilida). Deutsche Welle. 2011 yil 31 mart . Olingan 22 dekabr 2012 . Ispaniya: Hoy, el perfil de los alemanes rezidentlari hech qanday tienen el peso numérico que alguna vez alcanzaron. En los años 40 y 50 eran en Chile el segundo mayor grupo de extranjeros, vakiland el 13% (13.000 alemanes). Según el último censo de 2002, en cambio, están en el octavo lugar: son sólo 5.500 personas, lo que equivale al 5% de los foráneos. Sin embargo, la colonia formada por familias de origen alemán es activa y numerosa. Según bayoni Karla Berndt, gerente de comunicaciones de la Camara Chileno-Alemana de Comercio (Camchal), los descientes suman 500.000. Concentrados en el sur y centro del país, donde encuentran un clima más afín, su red de instituciones es amplia. ‘Hay clínicas, clubes, una Liga Chileno-Alemana, compañías de bomberos y un periódico semanal en alemán llamado Cóndor. Chile es el lugar en el que se concentra el mayor número de colegios alemanes, 24, lo que es mucho para un país tan chico de sólo 16 millones de habitantes’, relata Berndt.
Ingliz tili: Today, the profile of the Germans living here is different and no longer have the numerical weight they once reached. 1940-1950 yillarda ular Chilining ikkinchi yirik xorijiy guruhida bo’lib, 13% ni (13000 nemis) tashkil etgan. According to the last census in 2002, however, they are in eighth place: they are only 5,500 people, equivalent to 3% of foreigners. However, the colony of families of German origin is active and numerous. Germaniya-Chili savdo palatasining (Kamchal) aloqa bo’yicha menejeri Karla Berndtning so’zlariga ko’ra, avlodlar 500 ming kishini tashkil etgan. Concentrated in the south and center of the country, where they find a more congenial climate, its network of institutions is wide. ‘There are clinics, clubs, a Chilean-German League, fire companies and a German weekly newspaper called Condor. Chile is the place in which the largest number of German schools, 24 which is a lot for such a small country of only 16 million people’, says Berndt.
^“Une estimation des populations d’origine étrangère en France en 2011”. Immigrés : 78 000 ; 1ère génération née en France : 129 000 ; 2ème génération née en France : 230 000 ; Total : 437 000
^ abvNemis xalqi, Joshua Project. Qabul qilingan 27 iyul 2020 yil.
^“CBS StatLine – Aholisi; jinsi, yoshi, kelib chiqishi va avlodi, 1 yanvar”. Statline.cbs.nl . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“Country: Italy”. Joshua loyihasi . Olingan 10 fevral 2017 .
^“Establecerán nueva colonia de alemanes en Paraguay”. ABC rangi . Olingan 16 may 2015 .
^“Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 yil Staatsangehörigkeit bo’yicha batafsil ma’lumot” [Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality]. Statistika Avstriya (nemis tilida). 14 iyun 2016 yil . Olingan 1 avgust 2016 .
^“Country: Kazakhstan”. Joshua loyihasi . Olingan 12 mart 2018 .
^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 yildagi mikro ro’yxatga olish – 12. Etnik ma’lumotlar] (PDF) . Vengriya Markaziy statistika boshqarmasi (venger tilida). Budapesht. ISBN978-963-235-542-9 . Olingan 9 yanvar 2019 .
^“Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011” (PDF) . Stat.gov . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=01006.px&L=0
^ Kopp, Xorst (2017 yil 20-dekabr). Mintaqaviy tadqiqotlar, biznes va madaniyat: Bavariya tadqiqotlari tarmog’i natijalari. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN9783825866235 .
^ Amt, Auswärtiges. “Federal Foreign Office – Uruguay”. Auswärtiges Amt DE . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“Rumänien: Ethnischer Deutscher erhält Spitzenamt in Regierungspartei”. Spiegel.de. 2013 yil 23-fevral . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 – Spiegel Online orqali.
^“Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Results | Nationality and citizenship | The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue”. 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Ukraina davlat statistika qo’mitasi . Olingan 16 yanvar 2020 .
^Personvand med innvandringsbakgrunn, etnd innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn SSB, 2015 yil 13-iyulda olingan
^“Fakta om Norge”. Utlandsjobb.nu. Utlandsjobb.nu . Olingan 23 dekabr 2016 . 90 000 svenskar bor i Norge
^“Federal Foreign OfficeDominican Republic”. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url holati noma’lum (havola)
^“Arxivlangan nusxa”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 19 oktyabrda . Olingan 11 oktyabr 2017 . CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
^“População Estrangeira Residente em Portugal – Alemanha”. Ministério da Economia. 20 iyun 2018 yil . Olingan 19 may 2019 .
^“Religionszugehörigkeiten in Deutschland 2018” (nemis tilida). Forschungsgruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland . Olingan 9 avgust 2019 .
^“Germaniya – Lyuteran Jahon Federatsiyasi”. Lutheranworld . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^Haarmann, Xarald (2015). “Nemislar”. Yilda Danver, Steven (tahrir). Dunyoning mahalliy xalqlari: guruhlar, madaniyatlar va zamonaviy masalalar bo’yicha ensiklopediya. Yo’nalish. p. 313. ISBN1317464001 . Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe.
^ Moser, Johannes (2011). “Nemislar”. Yilda Koul, Jefri (tahrir). Evropaning etnik guruhlari: Entsiklopediya. ABC-CLIO. 171–177 betlar. ISBN1598843028 .
^ Minahan, Jeyms (2000). “Nemislar”. Bitta Evropa, Ko’p millatlar: Evropa milliy guruhlarining tarixiy lug’ati. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 288. ISBN0313309841 . The Germans are an ancient ethnic group, the basic stock in the composition of the peoples of Germany. The Germans include a number of important national groups, including the Bavarians, Rhinelanders, Saxons, and Swabians. The standard language of the Germans, called Deutsch or Hochdeutsch (High German), is spoken as the first or second language by all the German peoples in Europe except some of the Volga Germans in Russia.
^ Minahan, Jeyms (2000). Bitta Evropa, Ko’p millatlar: Evropa milliy guruhlarining tarixiy lug’ati. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 769. ISBN0313309841 . Germanic nations. Germans.
; Vicherkievich, Tomasz (2003). Tilni yaratish. Valter de Gruyter. p. 449. ISBN311017099X . Olingan 26 mart 2019 . Germanlar [xalqlar] tarkibiga hali ham inglizlar, gollandlar, nemislar, daniyaliklar, shvedlar, sakslar kiradi. Shuning uchun [xuddi shu tarzda] polyaklar, ruslar, chexlar, serblar, xorvatlar, bolgarlar slavyan [xalqlariga] tegishli .
; >van der Sijs, Nikolin (2003). Cookies, Coleslaw va Stoops: Gollandiyaliklarning Shimoliy Amerika tillariga ta’siri. Amsterdam universiteti matbuoti. p. 58. ISBN9089641246 . Olingan 26 mart 2019 . Dutch quite often refers to German (because of the similarity in sound between Dutch and Deutsch) and sometimes even Scandinavians and other Germanic people.
; Xezer, Piter. “Germaniya: qadimiy tarix”. Britannica Entsiklopediyasi Onlayn. Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Olingan 21 noyabr 2020 . Within the boundaries of present-day Germany. Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavarians—all speaking West Germanic dialects—had merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.
^://www.germany/us-en/service/03-Citizenship/german-citizenship-obtain/919576
^://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=etd
^://search.proquest/docview/209910301?fromopenview=true
^://onlinelibrary.wiley/doi/epdf/10.1002/per.2410040204
^“Germaniya”. Berkli din, tinchlik va dunyo ishlari markazi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 12 oktyabrda . Olingan 15 dekabr 2011 .
^“Germaniya” Evropa Ittifoqining ish tili bo’lishi kerak “, deydi Merkel partiyasi”. Telegraph.co.uk. 2013 yil 18-iyun . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Koul, Jeffri (2011). Evropaning etnik guruhlari. ISBN9781598843026 . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ masalan. Walther von der Vogelweide. Qarang Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (1872-1878), s.v. “Diutsche” .O’rta yuqori nemis Roland qo’shig’i (taxminan 1170) ega diutisker erde (65.6) “Germaniya olamida, Germaniyada” uchun .Fraza tütschem erida, qaerdan zamonaviy Deutschland, 15-asr oxirida tasdiqlangan (masalan.) Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, Ahmoqlar kemasi, qarang Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, s.v. “Deutsch”).
^OED, s.v. [1] “Dutch, adj., N. Va adv.”
^Shulze, Xagen (1998). Germaniya: yangi tarix. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. p.4. ISBN0-674-80688-3 .
^“Nemis”, Ingliz etimologiyasining qisqacha Oksford lug’ati. Ed. T. F. Xoad. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. Qabul qilingan 4 mart 2008 yil.
^ V. Ridjyuey: zotli otning kelib chiqishi va ta’siri. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, 2015, p. 22.
^ Qarang:
- Ozment, Stiven (2005), Qudratli qal’a: nemis xalqining yangi tarixi, Harper Kollinz, 120-121 betlar, 161, 212, ISBN0-06-093483-2
- Segarra, Eda (1977), Germaniyaning ijtimoiy tarixi, 1648–1914, Teylor va Frensis, 5, 15, 183-betlar, ISBN0-416-77620-5
- Vali, Yoaxim (2011), Germaniya va Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi: II jild: Reyxning tarqalishiga qadar Vestfaliya tinchligi, 1648–1806, Oksford erta zamonaviy Evropaning tarixi, Oksford universiteti matbuoti, ISBN978-0-19-969307-8
^ abvd Dunyo va uning xalqlari. Marshall Kavendish, 2009. Pp. 311.
^ abv Yehuda Koen. Nemislar: yo’q millat va qirg’in. SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS, 2010. Bp. 27.
^ ab Dunyo va uning xalqlari. Marshall Kavendish, 2009. Pp. 311-312.
^ Marvin Perri, Mirna Chayz, Margaret Jeykob, Jeyms R. Jakob, Teodor X. Von Laue. G’arbiy tsivilizatsiya: g’oyalar, siyosat va jamiyat, I tom: 1789 yilgacha. Boston, Massachusets, AQSh: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2009. Pp. 212.
^ abJeffri E. Koul. Evropaning etnik guruhlari: Entsiklopediya. Santa Barbara, Kaliforniya, AQSh: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Pp. 172.
^ abMotil 2001 yil, 189-bet.
^ ab Ostgotlar tarixi. Pp. 46.
^ Sinor, Denis. 1990 yil. Xun davri. D. Sinor, ed., Ilk ichki Osiyo Kembrij tarixi. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. 177-205 betlar.
^ Jeyn Penrose. Rim va uning dushmanlari: Urush tomonidan vayron qilingan imperiya. Nemislar va rimliklar. Kembrij, Angliya, Buyuk Britaniya: Osprey Publishing, 2008. Pp. 288.
^ Brayan A. Pavlac. G’arb tsivilizatsiyasining qisqacha tadqiqoti: tarix davomida ustunlik va xilma-xillik. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. Pp. 102.
^“CHARLEMAGN TARIXI”. Historyworld . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^“Buyuk Karl dunyoni qanday o’zgartirdi”. LiveScience . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Spiegel ONLINE, Gamburg, Germaniya (2012 yil 26-noyabr). “Wie Karl der Große Aachen zur kaiserlichen Metropole ausbaute”. Spiegel ONLINE . Olingan 7 yanvar 2016 . CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro’yxati (havola)
^ Shvanits, Ditrix (2002). Bildung. Alles odam wissen muß edi (nemis tilida). Myunxen: Vilgelm Goldmann Verlag. ISBN3-442-15147-3 .
^ Schulze, Hagen (2001). Germaniya. p. 18. ISBN9780674005457 . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Ulrix Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier. Soziolinguistik: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Wissenschaft Von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Inglizcha tarjima nashri. Valter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. 1866 yil.
^ Britannica ensiklopediyasi “Eski pruss tili”
^ ab G. J. Meyer. Bitirilmagan dunyo: 1914 yildan 1918 yilgacha bo’lgan Buyuk urush haqidagi voqea. Random House Digital, Inc., 2007. Pp. 179.
^“Heiliges Romisches Reich Deutscher Nation”. Dhm.de . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ abv Ulrix Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier. Soziolinguistik: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Wissenschaft Von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Inglizcha tarjima nashri. Valter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. 1925 yil.
^“Raffael Scheckning veb-sahifasi» Raffael Scheckning asosiy sahifasi “. Colby.edu . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Debora Sadie Xertz. Yahudiylar qanday qilib nemisga aylanishdi: Berlinda konversiya va assimilyatsiya tarixi. Yel universiteti, 2007. Pp. 193.
^ Jeyms F. Xarris. Nemis liberalizmi nazariyasi va amaliyoti bo’yicha tadqiqot: Eduard Lasker, 1829-1884. Amerika universiteti matbuoti, 1984. Pp. 17.
^ Dirk Verheyen (1999 yil 30-iyul). Nemis savoli: madaniy, tarixiy va geosiyosiy tadqiqotlar. Avalon Publishing. p. 8. ISBN978-0-8133-6878-8 .
^ Imanuel Geys (2013 yil 16-dekabr). Germaniyani birlashtirish masalasi: 1806-1996. Yo’nalish. p. 41. ISBN978-1-136-18568-7 .
^“Avstriya-Vengriya Prussiya urushi 1866”. Onwar. 16 dekabr 2000 yil . Olingan 2 avgust 2012 .
^. Factfinder.census.gov. Arxivlandi . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^ Byuro, AQSh aholini ro’yxatga olish. . Factfinder.census.gov. Arxivlandi . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“2009-2010 yildagi Senatning 141-sonli qarori, 1216-sonli qaror”.. Legis.state.pa.us . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Ixre Meinung. “Als Vorarlberg Schweizer Kanton werden wollte – Vorarlberg – Aktuelle Nachrichten – Vorarlberg Online”. Vol.at . Olingan 28 sentyabr 2011 .
^“Avstriya referendumda Germaniya bilan birlashishga ovoz berdi”. Famousdaily . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^“Avstriyani anneksiya qilish – urushlararo davr tahlili”. Socialexperts.weebly . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Ma’lumotlar Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy masalalar bo’yicha departamenti, Aholishunoslik bo’limi.”Dunyo olti milliardda”, 1999 y.Arxivlandi 2016 yil 1-yanvar kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
^“Deutsche auf der Erde” (1930), xarita
^ Lin X. Nikolas, Shafqatsiz dunyo: Evropaning bolalari natsistlar tarmog’ida. (2011) Knopf Dubleday Publishing Group, p. 194
^ Richard Overy, Diktatorlar: Gitler Germaniyasi, Stalin Rossiyasi, 543-4-betlar
^“Fashistlarning” Volksdeutsche “kontseptsiyasi va Sharqiy Evropada antisemitizmning kuchayishi, 1939–45”. DeepDyve. 1 yanvar 1994 yil . Olingan 2 avgust 2012 .
^“Sudeten nemislar qaytish huquqi uchun kurashni davom ettirmoqdalar”. Haaretz. 2003 yil 3 sentyabr . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^ Villian L. Shirer (1984). Yigirmanchi asr sayohati, 2-jild, Kabusli yillar: 1930-1940. Boston, AQSh: Little, Brown & Company.
ISBN 0-316-78703-5 (2-oyat).
^“Avstriya – AUSTRIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY”. Countrystudies.us . Olingan 29 mart 2015 .
^[2]. Avstriya o’ziga xosligini rivojlantirish Arxivlandi 2007 yil 28 sentyabrda Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
^ Piter Utgaard, Natsizmni eslash va unutish, (Nyu-York: Berghahn Books, 2003), 188–189. Frederik C. Engelmann, “Avstriya-Germaniya munosabatlari: bitta til, bitta yarim tarix, ikki davlat”, Tengsiz sheriklar, tahrir. Xarald fon Riekhoff va Xanspeter Noyxold (San-Frantsisko: Westview Press, 1993), 53-54.
^ Redaktion (2008 yil 13 mart). “Österreicher fühlen sich heute als millat – 1938 – derStandard.at” Wissenschaft “. Derstandard.at . Olingan 28 sentyabr 2011 .
^“Evropada ko’tarilayotgan mintaqachilik” (PDF) . Toponline . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“Germaniya va Evropadagi nemis ozchiliklar” (PDF) . Stefanwolff . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^“Ajdodlar vataniga ko’chib kelgan etnik nemislarning soni kamroq”. Migrationinformation . Olingan 28 sentyabr 2011 .
^“Sobiq Sovet Ittifoqidan bo’lgan Aussiedler guruhida o’limning tashqi sabablari, 1990-2002”. Egms.de . Olingan 28 sentyabr 2011 .
^ Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Aholishunoslik jamg’armasi: ^“Eng keng tarqalgan tillar”. .ignatius.edu. 28 May 2011. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2011 yil 27 sentyabrda . Olingan 28 sentyabr 2011 .
^ Grafika: Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari uchun fan sifatida nemis o’rnini inglizcha. Kimdan J. Shmidxuber (2010), XX asrda Nobel mukofotining milliy ulushlari evolyutsiyasiArxivlandi 2014 yil 27 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi da arXiv: 1009.2634v1
^“Etnolog: Sharqiy O’rta Germaniya” . Olingan 6 mart 2011 .
^Eski Yidish adabiyotiga kirish, p. 72, Baumgarten and Frakes, Oxford University Press, 2005 yil
^“Yididlarning asrlar davomida rivojlanishi”, jewishgen
^ abvdefghmenjklmnop Blik, Vilgelm (2003). “Auslandsdeutsche”. Andersen shahrida, Uve; Voyk, Vichard (tahrir.) Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik (nemis tilida) (5-nashr). Opladen: Leske + Budrich. ISBN9783810038654 . Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 22 fevralda.
^“Statistika Kanada 2006”. 2.statcan.ca. 2010 yil 6-yanvar . Olingan 15 mart 2010 .
^“Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011” (PDF) . Stat.gov . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 .
^ Cascante, Manuel M. (2012 yil 8-avgust). “Los menonitas dejan Meksika”. ABC (ispan tilida) . Olingan 19 fevral 2013 . Los-Sien mil miembros de esta comunidad anabaptista, ta’sis va en Chihuahua desde 1922, se plantean emigrar a la república rusa de Tartaristán, que se ofrece a acogerlos
^://spraktidningen.se/blogg/har-ar-20-storsta-spraken-i-sverige
^“Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI” (PDF) (ispan tilida). p. 188. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2013 yil 26-iyun kuni . Olingan 12 iyun 2012 .
^“Deutsche Botschaft Gvatemala – Startseite”. diplo.de. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 14-yanvarda . Olingan 7 yanvar 2016 .
^“Ukrainaning viloyatlari aholisini ona tili bo’yicha mintaqalar bo’yicha taqsimlanishi, ona tili sifatida ko’rsatilgan yili, yili va tarkibi”. ma’lumotlar bazasi.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Ma’lumotlar bazasi Ukraina davlat statistika qo’mitasi . Olingan 16 yanvar 2020 .
^ Searl, Jon. (1987). Falsafaning Blekuell sherigi, “Kirish”. Villi-Blekvell.
^ Xorst, Zuse. “Konrad Zuse hayoti va faoliyati”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 18 aprelda . Olingan 18 aprel 2010 .
Kundalik amaliy elektronika (EPE) Onlayn. Qabul qilingan 2 yanvar 2007 yil
^Avtomobil.Arxivlandi 2009 yil 29 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Microsoft Encarta Onlayn Entsiklopediyasi 2006 yil. 2 yanvar 2007 yilda qabul qilingan
^ZeppelinArxivlandi 2011 yil 1-may kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi AQShning yuz yillik komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 2 yanvar 2007 yil
^ Roberts, J. M. Dunyoning yangi penguen tarixi, Penguen tarixi, 2002. bet. 1014.
ISBN 0-14-100723-0
^Alfred B. Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari, 1901–2003Arxivlandi 2010 yil 10 fevral Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Tarix kanali Jahon almanaxi va faktlar kitobi 2006. 2007 yil 2-yanvarda olingan
^Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle (nemis tilida), dan arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2007 yil 2 oktyabrda , olingan 3 oktyabr 2007
^ Walhalla, rasmiy qo’llanma risolasi. p. 3. Xelen Stellner va Devid Xili tomonidan tarjima qilingan, Bernhard Bosse Verlag Regensburg, 2002 y
^“Germaniyaning taniqli musiqa sanoati yangi iste’dodlarni izlamoqda”. Deutsche Welle. 2010 yil 2 fevral . Olingan 28 mart 2011 .
^BBC radiosi 1 Hujjatli film. Qabul qilingan 2006 yil, 10-dekabr Arxivlandi 2012 yil 19 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
^“Nederlanderse-entertainer-sin-Duesland”. Die Welt (golland tilida). 17 Aprel 2010. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 25 aprelda . Olingan 7 aprel 2011 .
^2006 yil FIAPF tomonidan akkreditatsiyadan o’tgan festivallar ma’lumotnomasi, Xalqaro kino prodyuserlari assotsiatsiyalari federatsiyasi. Qabul qilingan 11 dekabr 2006 yil.
^ Plass, Evald M., Lyuter nima deydi: antologiya, Sent-Luis: Konkordiya nashriyoti, 1959, 2: 964.
^ Shiller, Frederik, O’ttiz yillik urush tarixi, p.1, Harper Publishing
^“Arxivlangan nusxa”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 25-may kuni . Olingan 24 avgust 2017 . CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
^“Kirchenmitgliederzahlen” (PDF) . Ekd.de. 2004 yil 31 dekabr . Olingan 20 dekabr 2017 . korrigierte Ausgabe
^ abvGermaniya haqida ma’lumot: Madaniyat va hayot: sportArxivlandi 2011 yil 30 aprel Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Germaniyaning Vashington shahridagi elchixonasi. Qabul qilingan 2006 yil 28 dekabr
^JamiyatArxivlandi 2011 yil 20 may Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Germaniyaning AQShdagi vakolatxonasi. Qabul qilingan 16 oktyabr 2010 yil.
^Germaniya gey huquqlarini kengaytiradi News24. Qabul qilingan 25 noyabr 2007 yil. Arxivlandi 2009 yil 12 iyul Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
^ Vayntal, Benjamin (2006 yil 31-avgust). “U gey, va bu yaxshi”. Gey shahar yangiliklari. Nyu York . Olingan 3 sentyabr 2009 .
[o’lik havola ]
^ Gekmann, Fridrix (2003). Evropa jamiyatlarida muhojirlarning integratsiyasi: milliy farqlar va yaqinlashish tendentsiyalari. Shtutgart: Lucius va Lucius. 51ff pp. ISBN978-3-8282-0181-1 . Olingan 28 oktyabr 2010 .
^Germaniya millat brendining jahon kubogini qanday yutdi. BrandOvation. Qabul qilingan 25 noyabr 2007 yil.
^“2010 yilgi Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index” (Matbuot xabari). GfK. 2010 yil 12 oktyabr . Olingan 15 oktyabr 2010 .
^“Obamaning davrida AQShga dunyo isishi, BBC so’rovi shuni ko’rsatadiki”. BBC yangiliklari. London. 2010 yil 19 aprel . Olingan 28 oktyabr 2010 .
^BBC Jahon xizmati so’rovi. BBC yangiliklari. Qabul qilingan 19 aprel 2010 yil.
^“Nemislar ko’proq chet el safarlariga sarflaydilar: sanoat guruhi”. The Economic Times. Nyu-Dehli. 2009 yil 10 mart . Olingan 15 mart 2009 .
^Kesselman 2009 yil, 180-bet.
^Motil 2001 yil, 189-190 betlar.
^ Forsit, Diana. 1989. Germaniya o’ziga xosligi va tarix muammosi. Tarix va millat, s.146
^“Österreichdagi Das politische tizimi (Avstriyadagi siyosiy tizim)” (PDF) (nemis tilida). Vena: Avstriya Federal matbuot xizmati. 2000. p. 24. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2014 yil 23 aprelda . Olingan 9 iyul 2014 .
^ Bauer, Kurt (2008). Nationalsozialismus: Ursprünge, Anfänge, Aufstieg und Fall (nemis tilida). Böhlau Verlag. p. 41. ISBN9783825230760 .
^ Giloi, Eva (2011). 1750–1950 yillarda Germaniyada monarxiya, afsona va moddiy madaniyat. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. 161–162 betlar.
^ Unovskiy, Daniel L. (2005). Vatanparvarlikning dabdabasi va siyosati: Avstriyaning Habsburg shahrida imperatorlik tantanalari, 1848–1916. Purdue universiteti matbuoti. p. 157.
^ Brigit Xamann, Gitlerning Venasi: Diktatorning shogirdligi, p. 282
^ Suppan (2008). Habsburg imperiyasidagi “nemislar”. Nemislar va Sharq. 171–172 betlar.
^ Mees, Bernard (2008). Svastika fani. Markaziy Evropa universiteti matbuoti. ISBN978-963-9776-18-0 .
^ Alfred D. Lou, Anschluss harakati, 1918-1919 va Parijdagi tinchlik konferentsiyasi, 135-138 betlar.
^ Roderik Stackelberg, Gitler Germaniyasi: kelib chiqishi, sharhlari, meros, 161-162-betlar.
^“Ittifoqdosh va birlashgan davlatlar bilan Avstriya o’rtasida tinchlik shartnomasi; Protokol, Deklaratsiya va Maxsus Deklaratsiya [1920] ATS 3”. Austlii.edu.au . Olingan 15 iyun 2011 .
^ Meri Margaret Ball, Urushdan keyingi Germaniya-Avstriya munosabatlari: Anschluss harakati, 1918-1936, 18-19 betlar.
^ Uilyam L. Patch, Geynrix Bruning va Veymar Respublikasining tarqatib yuborilishi, 120, 166, 190 betlar.
^ Rishchka, Birgit (2008 yil 1-yanvar). Milliy o’ziga xoslikni yaratish va yo’q qilish: Tom Murfining “Vatanparvar o’yin” filmidagi dramatik nutq va Der Lyovengube shahridagi Feliks Mitterer.. Piter Lang. ISBN9783631581117 .
^ Fred C. Koch; Jeykob Eyxorn (1978). Volga nemislari: Rossiya va Amerikada, 1763 yildan hozirgi kungacha. Penn State Press. 151, 288 betlar. ISBN0271038144 .
^ Eberhardt, Pyotr (2006). Polshadagi siyosiy migratsiyalar 1939-1948 yillar. 8. Nemis aholisining Potsdam Germaniyasiga evakuatsiyasi va parvozi (PDF) . Varshava: Didaktika. ISBN9781536110357 . Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 26 iyunda.
^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Polsha hududlaridagi siyosiy ko’chishlar (1939-1950) (PDF) . Varshava: Polsha Fanlar akademiyasi. ISBN978-83-61590-46-0 .
^Tereza Rakowska-Harmstone (1984). Sharqiy Evropada kommunizm. Manchester universiteti Press ND. 15-7 betlar. ISBN9780719017056 .
^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2015). “Oder-Naysse liniyasi Polshaning g’arbiy chegarasi: postulat qilingan va haqiqatga aylangan”. Polonica geografiyasi. 88 (1): 77–105. doi: 10.7163 / gpol.0007 .
^ Eberhardt, Pyotr (2012). “Kurson chizig’i Polshaning sharqiy chegarasi sifatida. Kelib chiqishi va siyosiy kelib chiqishi”. Polonica geografiyasi. 85 (1): 5–21. doi:10.7163 / gpol.2012.1.1.
^Chet elda uyda: Germaniya turklari o’z shaxslarini topish uchun kurashmoqdalar, Spiegel Online.
^ ab“G’ururlangan nemis?”. Iqtisodchi. 24 mart 2001 yil.
^ ab“Nemislar endi nemis ekanligidan faxrlanishadimi?”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 29 yanvarda.
^“Milliy identifikatsiya – nemislar jur’at etadigan joy”. Presseurop.eu. 2009 yil 15-may . Olingan 7 yanvar 2013 .
^ abvd Xeylbrunn, Jeykob (2012 yil noyabr-dekabr). “Barcha yo’llar Berlinga olib boradi”. Milliy qiziqish. 122 raqami: 41-47 . Olingan 25 oktyabr 2012 .

Bibliografiya

Brays, Benjamin. Buenos-Ayresga tegishli: nemislar, argentinaliklar va plyuralistik jamiyatning ko’tarilishi. Stenford, Kaliforniya: Stenford universiteti matbuoti, 2018 yil.
Kesselman, Mark (2009). O’tish davridagi Evropa siyosati. Boston, Massachusets, AQSh: Houghton Mifflin kompaniyasi. ISBN978-0-618-87078-3 . CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
Motil, Aleksandr J. (2001). Milliyat entsiklopediyasi, II jild. Akademik matbuot. ISBN0-12-227230-7 . CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)

Xalqaro tan olingan sertifikat nomi

Ingliz tili bo‘yicha

International English Language Testing System (IELTS)

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iBT)

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL ITP)

Cambridge Assessment English

APTIS for teachers

Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC)

Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT)*

Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) *

Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL)*

Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL)*

Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults (CELTA)*

Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (DELTA)*

Fransuz tili bo‘yicha

Diplôme d’Etudes en Langue Française (DELF)

Diplôme Approfondi de Langue Française (DALF)

Test de Connaissance du Français (TCF)

Nemis tili bo‘yicha

Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD I)

Deutsches Sprachdiplom (DSD II)

Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Test DAF)

Ispan tili bo‘yicha

Diplomas de Español como Lengua Extranjera (DELE)

Servicio Internacional de Evaluación de la Lengua Española (SIELE)

Italyan tili bo‘yicha

Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana (CELI)

Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera (CILS)

Accademia Italiana di Lingua (AIL)

Rus tili bo‘yicha

Test of Russian as a Foreign Language (TORFL)

Test po russkomu yaziku kak inostrannomu (TRKI)

Arab tili bo‘yicha

The Arabic Language Proficiency Test, Arabic Proficiency Test (ALPT, APT, E-TOAFL, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)

AT Tanal Al Arabi

Xitoy tili bo‘yicha

Nanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (NSK)

Yapon tili bo‘yicha

Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT)

Koreys tili bo‘yicha

Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK I)

Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK II)

Turk tili bo‘yicha

Türkçe Yeterlik Sınavı (TYS)

İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Türkçe Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (Aydın TÖMER)

Nemis tili b2

Davlat test markazi Chet tilini bilish va egallash darajasini baholash boshqarmasi bergan ma’lumotga ko‘ra, 2019/20 o‘quv yili avvalida OTMlarning bakalavriat ta’lim yo‘nalishi uchun hujjat topshirgan 1 066 926 nafar abituriyentning 11 250 nafarida chet tili bo‘yicha imtiyoz beruvchi sertifikat bo‘lgan.

Mazkur sertifikatlarning asosiy qismini IELTS va DTM imtihoni asosida beriladigan CEFR milliy sertifikati tashkil qilgan.

DTMda ingliz tilidan tashqari yana 13ta til uchun imtihon asosida milliy sertifikat berish tizimi bor.

Imtiyoz uchun talab qilinadigan daraja

2020/21 o‘quv yilidan boshlab, fanlar majmuasiga chet tili kiritilgan bakalavriat ta’lim yo‘nalishlaridan birini tanlagan abituriyent imtiyoz olishni xohlasa, til bo‘yicha B2 va undan yuqori darajadagi sertifikatga ega bo‘lish talab etiladi.

Agar abituriyent V2 va undan yuqori darajaga ega bo‘lsa, unga ushbu fandan belgilangan maksimal ball beriladi.

O‘tgan yil bilan solishtirganda

2019/20 o‘quv yilida chet tili birinchi fan bo‘lgan ta’lim yo‘nalishlari uchun DTM tomonidan berilgan chet tilini bilish to‘g‘risidagi sertifikat (milliy sertifikat) yoki IELTS (5,5), TOEFL IBT (72 ball) xalqaro imtihon tizimlari bo‘yicha V2 va undan yuqori til bilish darajasi talab qilingan.

Chet tili asosiy fan bo‘lmagan ta’lim yo‘nalishlari uchun esa mos ravishda IELTS imtihonidan 4,5, TOEFL IBT’dan 42 ball, SEFR imtihonidan V1 va undan yuqori daraja so‘ralgan.

«Barcha tillar uchun B2 daraja zarur va istisnoli holat mavjud. »

2019 yil 13 maydagi prezident qaroriga binoan, 2020/21 o‘quv yilidan boshlab, test sinovlari majmuasiga chet tili kiritilgan barcha bakalavriat yo‘nalishlari uchun sertifikatdagi til darajasi bir xil (birinchi, ikkinchi fanga qarab darajalanmaydi) etib belgilangan.

Bunda barcha bakalavriat yo‘nalishlariga ingliz tili uchun milliy sertifikat yoki IELTS (5,5), TOEFL IBT (72), Cambridge Assessment English FCE uchun V2 va undan yuqori daraja talab etiladi.

Lekin istisnoli holat shundaki, 2019 yilga qadar DTMdan olingan milliy sertifikatning amal qilish muddati ushbu sertifikatning amal qilish muddati davrida saqlab qolinishi ham qarorda ko‘zda tutilgan.

Bu degani 2019 yilga qadar DTM tomonidan berilgan V1 darajadagi milliy sertifikat (amal qilish muddati tugamagan bo‘lsa) ham abituriyentga kirish imtihonida imtiyoz berishi mumkin.

DTM matbuot xizmati xodimi Jamshidbek Odilovning avvalroq Kun`ga bergan ma’lumotiga ko‘ra, bu istisno xalqaro sertifikatlarga nisbatan qo‘llanmaydi. Chunki xalqaro sertifikatlar ilk marta 2019 yildan milliy OTMga kirish uchun imtiyoz sifatida tan olindi. Shuning uchun 2019 yildan oldin olingan B1 darajadagi xalqaro sertifikatlarning imtiyozi 2020/21 o‘quv yili uchun imtihonda abituriyentga maksimal ball bermaydi.

Ya’ni barcha tillar bo‘yicha xalqaro sertifikatlarning darajasi muddatidan qat’i nazar, B2 darajada bo‘lishi kerak.

Imtihonda imtiyoz beradigan umumiy ball

Bosh vazirning ijtimoiy rivojlantirish masalalari bo‘yicha o‘rinbosari Behzod Musayev boshchiligida o‘tgan qabul masalalariga bag‘ishlangan brifingda joriy yil istisno tariqasida faqat 2ta mutaxassislik fanidan imtihon olinishi ma’lum qilingandi.

Bu holatda ballar quyidagicha belgilanadi:

1-blok – 30ta savol, har bir to‘g‘ri javobga 3,2 ball beriladi, jami 96 ball to‘plash mumkin;
2-blok – 30ta savol, har bir to‘g‘ri javobga 3,1 ball beriladi, jami 93 ball beriladi.

Demak, agar abituriyent tanlagan yo‘nalishda chet tili birinchi fan bo‘lsa, u imtiyoz beruvchi sertifikati bilan 96 ballga ega bo‘lishi mumkin. Agar chet tili ikkinchi blok bo‘lsa, abituriyentda imtiyoz bilan maksimal 93 ball olish imkoni bo‘ladi.

Ma’lumot uchun aytish joizki, Jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiyasi universiteti 2019 yildan oldingi V1 sertifikatlarini (amal qilish muddati tugamagan bo‘lsa ham), Toshkent davlat yuridik universiteti esa writing (yozish) ko‘nikmasi 5,5 balldan past IELTS sertifikatlarini qabul qilmaydi.

Sertifikatlarni tekshirish

Imtiyoz bilan bitta blokdan to‘liq ballga ega bo‘lish ko‘pchilik abituriyentlar uchun ma’qul tanlov bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bundan tashqari, yana bir savol bor: imtiyoz uchun taqdim etilgan hujjatning haqiqiyligi qanday nazorat qilinadi?

DTMning bu bo‘yicha bergan ma’lumotiga ko‘ra, chet tilini bilish darajasini ko‘rsatuvchi xalqaro sertifikatlarning haqiqiy yoki soxta ekanini tekshirishning bir nechta usullari bor.

Xalqaro sertifikatlarning haqiqiyligini tekshirish chet tilini bilish darajasini ko‘rsatuvchi sertifikatlarni taqdim etuvchi davlatlarning qonunchiligi va uni beruvchi tashkilot siyosatiga qarab, turlicha amalga oshiriladi.

Milliy sertifikat (DTM), HSK (xitoy tili) kabi test tizimlarining rasmiy veb saytida sertifikatni tekshirish imkoniyati mavjud.

Ayrim test tizimlari (IELTS – Britaniya Kengashi, FCE – Cambridge assesment tashkiloti, TOEFL IBT – Educational Testing Service tashkiloti, TestDAF – TestDAF instituti, Goethe Zertifikat – Gyote institutlari bilan DTM o‘rtasida hamkorlik yo‘lga qo‘yilgan.

Mazkur hamkorlik doirasida sertifikatlarni tekshirish bo‘yicha tomonlarning kelishuvi mavjud.

Bundan tashqari, ayrim turdagi (DSD – nemis tili, shunga o‘xshash ba’zi til sertifikatlari) sertifikatlarni tekshirish uchun bu test tizimlari tegishli bo‘lgan davlatlarning O‘zbekistondagi elchixonalariga so‘rov yuboriladi.

Yana bir turdagi, fransuz tili bo‘yicha beriladigan DELF, DALF sertifikati bu test tizimining O‘zbekistondagi vakolatli organlari va Davlat test markazining fan bo‘yicha mutaxassislari hamkorligida tekshiriladi.

Agar soxta sertifikat aniqlansa.

DTM bergan ma’lumotga ko‘ra, til sertifikati soxtaligi aniqlansa, bu sertifikat huquqni muhofaza qiluvchi organlarga yuboriladi. Ular tomonidan soxtalashtirish uchun tegishli chora ko‘rish ishlari amalga oshiriladi.

Bundan tashqari, talabalikka tavsiya etilgan abituriyent o‘zi ega bo‘lgan til sertifikatini OTMga topshiradi. OTM ham bu hujjatni yana bir bor tekshiradi. Agar til sertifikati soxta ekani aniqlansa, uni taqdim etgan shaxs talabalar safidan chetlashtiriladi.

Zilola G‘aybullayeva

10- DARS: NEMIS TILI GRAMMATIKASI: A1- B2: 1-QISM. PRÄTERITUM QÖLLANISHI VA YASALISHI:KUCHLI FE´LLAR

Если вам понравилось бесплатно смотреть видео 10- dars: nemis tili grammatikasi: a1- b2: 1-qism. präteritum qöllanishi va yasalishi:kuchli fe´llar онлайн которое загрузил Salom Deutsch! Salom Nemis tili! 21 мая 2020 длительностью 00 ч 11 мин 03 сек в хорошем качестве, то расскажите об этом видео своим друзьям, ведь его посмотрели 1 175 раз.

Jurabek Yusupov

1 месяц назад

Danke schön. Es ist sehr nützlich

Osmon Osmon

2 месяца назад

Куп яшен рахмат

Shahzod Tursunov

9 месяцев назад

Hallo nett unser Lehrer..

Shahzod Tursunov

9 месяцев назад

Assalomu alaykum va rahmmtullohi va barakotuh Ustoz Alloh sizdan roziy bulsin avmin

nozimjon Yoqubov

2 года назад

Mashqlar yechish uchun qanday kitoblar bor. kerakli. va 3ta fel shakli bormi

nozimjon Yoqubov

2 года назад

Rahmat darsingiz ucun. 8chi va 9chi darslar ham bormi

Nilufarxon Zafarxonovna

2 года назад

Assalomu alaykum juda zòr tuwintirilgan sizga katta raxmat iwlaringizga omad☺☺

Qiziqarli malumotlar
Nemis tili b2