Odam anatomiyasi 8 sinf 2023
o`rganiladi. Tirik odamlarda esa mavjud bo`lgan texnika vositalaridan, fizik
Jeremiah Craft 23 часа назад Better animation style than the TMNT 2007 movie. It’s not your ordinary animation for Nickelodeon.
IRaYnEmAn 23 часа назад @mucus no it’s called subjective. I know CRAZY thought.
Comical Cosmonaut День назад +214
I love seeing the turtles acting like teens, it’s so endearing and cute
Albino Basilisk 23 часа назад I feel like every incarnation of the turtles for the last decade has always been focusing on the teen side the most. I want one focusing on the ninja side, it’s been too long
Aggelos2001 23 часа назад The voice actors are teen-agers
najtrows 23 часа назад +3 @Victor Gonzalez teen is just teenagers shortened
Victor Gonzalez 23 часа назад But they are teenagers, just because they sound like a young teens, doesn’t make them a teen.
Jason Harris День назад +515
Love the beginning of this trailer. Feels like four teenage friends just hanging out doing some crazy stuff in the city after school.
Manuel Orozco День назад +13 I wish that was me and my bros after high school
Josh Pepe 23 часа назад +44
Okay the turtles actually being played by teenagers for once is awesome, everything about this is awesome
Alceratops День назад +372
Donatello’s voice is shocking but actually pretty realistic. Some high school boys’ voices don’t change for a while!
User 23 часа назад @CrimsonHunter Fun Fact: Leonardo’s Voice actor is Nicholas Cantu, one of the many voices of gumball.
MarloMarz 23 часа назад He’s probably also the youngest here too.
TargetstrikeYT 23 часа назад an extreme example: Haminations is a full grown adult but still sounds like a kid
SiebayPlays 23 часа назад That’s what I’m saying. It’s gonna take some getting used to for me though.
The Movie Critic 23 часа назад +2 @Stephen King Well yeah because they sound like actual teenagers now
Jason Harris День назад +43
To be honest,I already loved this song WAY before this teaser. All it’s done is made me love it even more.
Furbalicious День назад +400
I loved ninja turtles when I was a kid and this just takes my excitement to a whole other level
MemeRainParadise 23 часа назад @John (Alpha male) based
John (Alpha male) 23 часа назад +2 Nobody asked. My content is better.
M X День назад +176
I don’t know how I feel about Donnie’s voice. I’m sure I’ll fall in love with it eventually.
Victor Gonzalez 23 часа назад @jude horton Donatello doesn’t sound like Gumball, probably a regular female actresses did the voice of him.
Victor Gonzalez 23 часа назад @CrimsonHunter no he doesn’t, that is probably a female actors to sound like Don talk like that.
SiebayPlays 23 часа назад Same, it’s throwing me left, even if I understand the reasoning.
jude horton 23 часа назад it’s literally gumball from awog stfu he’s an amazing voice actor
CrimsonHunter 23 часа назад +1 His voice sound like Darwin from amazing world of gumball.
Big E День назад +212
This cast line up is insane and this looks really good as an TMNT fan
John (Alpha male) 23 часа назад +1 Nobody asked. My content is better.
Ur_Mom2 День назад +44
I always love this “spiderverse” animation style and the texture of this film and i already know the fight scenes are going to go crazy in this film.
sean leon День назад +25
They actually sound like 14-15 year old teenagers and physically are smaller, like the original film version but kid size turtles. This film looks like it has the potential to be absolutely awesome.
Sum Kevin День назад +74
I love how the turtles actually sound like teenagers unlike many of the cartoons.
Tobias Lawrence 23 часа назад Yeah they sound early teens and I love it cause some teenagers sound like pre-teens in highschool. I like that they are voiced by actual teens instead of grown adults.
Arthur Lima День назад +1712
Man its so weird to see the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles act like actual Teenagers
Jonathan Bailey 23 часа назад 13 year old teenagers** in the others they always portrayed as 16 or 17 years old
Kusuma 23 часа назад “Ninja kick the damn rabbit!”
The Guy 23 часа назад I think they’ve always acted like teenagers imo, just older ones
Victor Gonzalez 23 часа назад That because they are teenagers, they are always have and always will be. The titles as always “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles”, they don’t call it Adult Mutant Ninja Turtles because it won’t fit in.
WackyDude21 23 часа назад I’m ngl they sound like they’re 11-12
Dio Doritos День назад +35
TMNT going with the spider spiderverse vibe. Honestly it matches and fits well
AI Iv День назад +66
Man, Into the Spiderverse left a huge impact on the animation, and so far, I’m glad it did, because I’m loving this!
UR MUM! День назад +17
The painterly style of animation is crushing it in movies. “Into the Spiderverse,” “The Bad Guys,” “Puss in Boots,” and now this
najtrows 23 часа назад I never watched Bad Guys becauee for some reason I assumed it wasn’t very good. Just looked at Rotten tomatoes and it has a pretty good score. I’ll watch it, thanks for reminding me 🙂
Arvid P. 23 часа назад +1 @Bartosz Rampapapam Which was co-directed by the director of this movie.
Bartosz Rampapapam 23 часа назад +4 Don’t forget about The Mitchells vs the machines
Big Hand 23 часа назад +1 The Bad Guys is one of my favorite movies from 2022.
Manuel Orozco 23 часа назад +3 I really thought it wasn’t going to be enough for Puss in Boots to make a good comeback after so long
Destructus 86 День назад +15
Freaking LOVED it. The humor is great, the animation style I love a lot. They act like teens. Can’t wait to see more. It’s a good compromise to appeal to a younger generation of fans while also aiming towards adult fans.
The Sad Jamaican Dude 23 часа назад +9
Bebop and Rocksteady look amazing. Cannot wait to see what the rest of the villains look like.
Aquatux День назад +945
Jackie Chan voicing Splinter and Giancarlo Esposito voicing Baxter Stockman are probably some of the greatest casting choice in animation history
Miko 23 часа назад OMG, yess it’s true. Why would I skipped that cast reveal. There’s John Cena and Paul Rudd too. wow.
Miko 23 часа назад Wait, is that true? I gotta double check it out
Jon Giuffre 23 часа назад @Ksawery Janowski well it’s an improvement from tony shaloub in the most recent live action movies
MusicInMe754 23 часа назад @Mr CriticalHonestly, I wouldn’t have minded seeing Hiroyuki Sanada (Rush Hour 3, The Wolverine, 47 Ronin, Mortal Kombat remake, etc) as Splinter. Don’t get me wrong, I love Ken Watanabe, but I also feel like he’s too obvious a choice.
Space Ghost CQC 23 часа назад @Fuzzy He taught Kung Fu in a Karate Kid movie already so why not I guess.
Jose Sanchez День назад +57
I can already tell a lot of love went into this movie
MARCK ALDREI BACCAY День назад +20
Spider-Verse really set the standard too high man! I love that the aesthetic blew up and is now making rounds in the animation industry
Dr.Marianna W.Winchester 23 часа назад +11
Turns out actual teenagers voicing teenage characters is a *gorgeous* idea!
Thorninjag День назад +22
I like how gumball is playing Leonardo, the leader in blue who does anything it takes to get his ninjas through.
Ethan Smith 23 часа назад +56
I love this so much it gives the old live action versions mixed with all animated shows and it just works super well
David Jordao День назад +306
It definitely has a Spider-Man Into The Spiderverse look to it with the animation
Big Hand 23 часа назад +1 @Bearer of Bad news 13 Both for better and for worse.
Bearer of Bad news 13 23 часа назад +1 Spider-verse really changed things.
Big Hand 23 часа назад Yeah
Manuel Orozco День назад +1 I was surprised by the movie the first time
Twarz Yee День назад +9
Yeah! been a fan of the TMNT since I was 10 years old, and excited to see them get back to their roots
pendragon1 23 часа назад not goofy slap-stick teenagers, but so darker and more serious, like the comics intended, thats what you mean. right?
gamemastertom День назад +13
IDK why, but I always love when they do an “it’s called ooze” joke in TMNT stuff.
Really interested in this movie, like the angle it’s taking
День назад +19
Animation seems to keep getting better and better. I love the unique look of this. It looks cartoony and almost painted in a way. And I love how they are actually teenagers! This is gonna be great.
Dungeons and D-bags 23 часа назад I was thinking more like the og comic but in color
Manuel Orozco 23 часа назад +1 I hope you’re right
LegoPeaceEz День назад +8
I love the style that animators give to these animated movies (spider-verse, puss in boots, intergalactic,…)
donatellarz 23 часа назад +2
The animation, the cast, the designs, everything makes me so excited for this movie!
Wes Papes День назад +1472
I love EVERYTHING about the art direction in this movie. Everything has this hand drawn feeling, the lower “Spider-Verse” influenced frame rate, and the colorwork. Beyond hyped.
Doctor Death 23 часа назад @jay sauce I’m calling it now his voice cracking is going to be a gag in the movie LMFAO
jay sauce 23 часа назад +1 The only thing is Donny sounds like a child, not a teen. Weird choice
Doctor Death 23 часа назад @Anton Bedoy Watch The Lego Movie and into the spider-verse back-to-back and I promise you will see the similarities.
The difference being one looks like action figures brought to life the other one looks like drawing brought to life.
But there are a lot of similarities in the animation of both
Jian556 23 часа назад @Aquatux not peanuts movie?
UnifiedEntity 23 часа назад +2 Personally. I hate the frame rate sort of skipping look. In some ways hurts my eyes
Anxious Dude Productions 23 часа назад +5
this is amazing. It looks like a comic come to life and GASP. they feel like actual teenagers! Thank you Seth Rogen!
Giuseppe Ianniello 23 часа назад +8
It looks like a combination of TMNT and Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse…
AND I LOVE IT!
SuperNatural510 День назад +7
I had a smile on my face from start to finish.
Neoxon День назад +8
This looks way better than even I expected, & I already had high hopes.
Shinobi Pizza 23 часа назад +2
What I love about the animation here is that, despite clearly being inspired by Into the Spider-Verse, it’s also doing its own thing visually, looking more like a moving painting.
Amazin Lynn День назад +212
The animation has won me over! I would have to get used to Donnie’s voice but overall I’m all for it
Mutants and Memes 23 часа назад @EZJustScrap bro same
DaredLizard 6581 2 23 часа назад @EZJustScrap No wonder why I keep on thinking Donnie is the younger brother.
EZJustScrap 23 часа назад +5 I feel like Mikey and Donny should have swapped voices.
An Edgar Main День назад @Henry Louis oh cool
An Edgar Main День назад @YettiSpaghetti close enough
GAMER DORIAN День назад +3
This looks so cool and different. I love how we always get different iterations of TMNT it’s always amazing.
Alberto Productions 23 часа назад +2
Can I just say that it is super refreshing to see the Turtles sounding and feeling more like true teenagers?
I can’t sleep 23 часа назад +1 Exactly
Matt Innello День назад +6
It’s kinda refreshing to actually hear them as teens
Jose Sanchez День назад +8
That shot of bebop and rocksteady has got me hyped for this movie
DragonTheScalie 23 часа назад +1
I love it how the turtles actually sound like teenagers in this it adds a nice touch
Aquatux День назад +883
You can tell how much impact Spider Verse has in pushing other studios for a new boundaries of animation. DreamWorks and now Paramount/Nickelodeon, love that they’re going to Spider Verse’s animation route
proto245 23 часа назад @aquapyro1 Thing is. It’s gonna be hard to hate it as the films will have it’s own feel to them. The mayor reason why the Pixar style fell apart is because they started to lack any semblance of identity and creativity on them.
Only Pixar knew how to make it work, but it was till lightyear when it had grown stale.
proto245 23 часа назад @Erich Fiedler And they will not. They have no interest in that
Big Hand 23 часа назад @Space Ghost CQC I dunno what to make of the MCU’s Fantastic Four
Space Ghost CQC 23 часа назад @LexRam Studios That’s what the Fantastic Four should be
Little Sparrow 23 часа назад @aquapyro1 I mean I shouldn’t be surprised that they hate everything
kris compala 23 часа назад +2
If a trailer can make me nonchalantly laugh and keep laughing, then I think that is a movie I want to see
Adamk-pax Logan День назад +6
This is going to be a masterpiece
The pierogi Gaming 23 часа назад +1
This movie definitely has potential to be a great movie
Marvel and DC fan number one День назад +4
I love it. Can’t wait for this movie!
GuyNamedBob День назад +8
I love the comic feel to the animation.
Big Hand День назад +1 Same
asaknight321 День назад +53
So glad were getting this animated like spider verse. This looks pretty great and can’t wait to see the full movie!
SonicSpyrofan52 День назад +6
I love the TMNT (especially Rise) and I can’t wait to see this movie.
I’m glad they’re experimenting with animation like DreamWorks is.
Big Hand День назад +2 DreamWorks had quite a variety when it came or animation
Danny O’Hare 23 часа назад +1
As a TMNT fan I’d say this looks awesome I love the Spider-Verse animation and that cast is just mind-blowing.
srbrucestark 23 часа назад
It looks sick! They have so much personality I love them! Everybody who worked in this film must be sooo proud, let’s hope the script is awesome as well
HEATH MILLER День назад +2
This movie looks like it’s going to be good
Mr. Niffler День назад +2
I love how the turtles actually sound like teenagers now
Liquid Impression День назад +367
Starting the trailer off with the fan-made epic rendition of the original theme is a testament to how much love this movie has for the franchise.
Tuesday 23 часа назад @nemi We have eyes
Moss_ 23 часа назад +4 @nemi more like February
jesse omollo День назад +1 @Austin Kniga-Bartlett ooh wow. Thanks for letting us know
nemi День назад +7 Black April.
the_other_guy 2134 День назад +3
This looks like it’ll be fun wish someone would do a movie based off the original comic
Jacob Andrade 23 часа назад
They feel so much younger than they’ve has been portrayed before. Early teens, but I’m excited.
Survivalstep 23 часа назад
The turtle’s voiceacting is so good and fits them so well- the VAs really killed it!
Thomas Alexanian День назад +6
Fingers crossed for a big franchise in this universe
Manuel Orozco День назад +2 I was sad the live action series ended too soon with Out of the Shadows. Hopefully this will be enough to compensate lost time
DalonteGamerYT 23 часа назад +1
I Been A Fan Of TMNT Since I Was A Kid Can’t Wait For This Movie To Come Out
Smokey’s Videos День назад +55
The beautiful art style and Tribe Called Quest won me over immediately!
Jason Harris День назад +1 Me too! And one of my favorite songs no less!
Naman Idrees День назад +1
I am a 41 year old man and can remember the first time as a kid in the late 80s when I came home from school turned on the TV and on it was The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and I was mesmerized as a kid and since then been a long time turtles fan. Watching this trailer gave me the same feeling again. I love the art work here , its breathtaking and the voiceovers is just perfect. By the way having Jackie Chan as Splinter is just a genuis move. I can not wait to watch this.
1-mavzu: “Odam anatomiyasi” faniga kirish Reja: 1
7. O`zbekistonda tibbiyot fanining qisqacha rivojlanish tarixi.
Odam anatomiyasi fani haqida tushuncha. Odam anatomiyasi odam
organizmining shaklini, tuzilishini,uning rivojlanish jarayonini o`rganadigan fan
bo`lib, har bir a‘zoni jinsiy va yosh jihatdan tafovut qilishini, shuningdek, atrof
muhitning a‘zolar tuzilishi va funksiyasiga bo`lgan ta‘sirini o`rganadi.
Odam anatomiyasi tibbiyotning asosini tashkil qilib bir qancha fanlarni o`z
Solishtirma anatomiya – odam organizmining hayvonlar organizmidan tubdan
farq qilishi odamning evolyutsion taraqiyoti qonunlari – filogenezga taqqoslangan
holda odam holatiga o`tish jarayoni antropogenizni o`rganadi.
Embriologiya – odam organizming paydo bo`lishini tugilguncha ona qornida
o`sib rivojlanib borishini o`rganadi.
Yoshga doir anatomiya – tug`ilgandan boshlab to hayotining oxirigacha
bo`lgan davrda organizm tuzilishidagi tofovutlarni o`rganadi.
Antropologiya – organizm shakllanishi, rivojlanishiga odamlar yashab turgan
muhitning iqlimiy – geografik sharoiti, ijtimoiy va biologik omillarning ta‘sirlarini
Funksional anatomiya – a‘zolarning tuzilishi ularning vazifalariga bog`liq
holda shakllanib borishini o`rganadi.
Fiziologiya – organizm a‘zolar tizimi, a‘zolarni, shuningdek, to`qima va
hujayralarning hayotiy faoliyatini o`rganadi.
Sitologiya – organism hujayralarining tuzilishi, shakllari, ko`payishi, kimyoviy
Gistalogiya – a‘zolarni tashkil qilgan to`qimalarni o`rganadi.
Patologik anatomiya– a‘zolarning kasallik holatidagi o`zgarishlarni o`rganadi.
Sistematik anatomiya– bir-qancha bo`limdan iboratdir. U organizmning har-xil
sindesmologiya, muskullarni miologiya, ichki a‘zolarni splanxologiya, qon tomirlar
tuzulishini angiologiya, ichki sekretsiya bezlarini endokrinologiya, sezgi a‘zolarini
esteziologiya, nerv tizimini nevralogiya bo`limlari o`rganadi.
Topografik anatomiya– a‘zolarning tuzulishi shaklidan tashqari ularning uzaro
munosabatlarini, chegarasini va proeksiyalarini o`rganadi.
Shunday qilib, anatomiya fani odam organizmining tuzilishi va funksiyalarini
ularning evolyutsion rivojlanish asoslariga bog`liq atrof-muhit ta‘sirida shakillanish
qonuniyatlari bilan birgalikda o`rganadi.
Odam anatomiyasi tibbiy fanlarning asosi. Salomatlik haqida tushuncha.
Salomatlik odam organizmining biologik, ruhiy, jismoniy holatlari va mehnat
faoliyatining muvozanatlashgan birligidir. Sihat-salomatlik har bir kishi uchun baxt-
saodatdir, uning mehnat unumdorligini, mamlakatning iqtisodiy qudratini, xalq
farovonligini rivojlantirishning zarur shartidir. Umumxalq mulki bo`lmish sihat-
salomatlikka nisbatan ongli va mas`uliyat bilan yondashish jamiyat barcha
a`zolarining turmush va axloq normasi bo`lmog`I lozim. Salomatlikni saqlash va
mustahkamlash uchun avvalo odam o`z tanasining tuzilishini, har qaysi to`qima va
a`zolarning normal ish faoliyatini, o`sish, rivojlanish va ko`payish qonuniyatlarini
bilishi zarur. Shuningdek, barcha tirik mavjudotlar tobora takomillashtirish uchun
zarur bo`lhan shart-sharoitni mukammal bilish va yaratish talab etiladi. Odam
organizmining tuzilishini anatomiya, uning ish faoliyatini fiziologiya, yashashi,
normal o`sishi, rivojlanishi, o`qishi, mehnat qilishi uchun zarur sharoit yaratishni
gigiyena fani asosida o`rganiladi.
Odam organizmining tuzilishi va funksiyasi boshqa barcha tirik
Ma`lumki, odamning paydo bo`lishida uning yashash ushun kurashi, o`ziga
sharoit yaratishi, bir-biri bilan munosabatda bo`lishi zarurati muhim rol o`ynagan.
Binobarin, odam bir necha million yillar ilgari hayvonot olamida evolyutsion
rivojlanish jarayonida sodir bo`lgan biologik va ijtimoiy o`zgarishlar, rivojlanishlar
Odam organizmining barcha to`qima va a`zolar bir-biri bilan chambarchas
bog`liqdir. Shuningdek, ular tevarak-atrof muhiti blan ham doimiy aloqadadir. Bu
ikkala bo`glanish nerv va endokrin tizimlar orqali moshqariladi. Odamning sog`lig`i
uning o`zi, oila va jamiyat boyligi hisoblanadi. Shunga ko`ra, o`z sog`lig`ini saqlash
va mustahkamlashga hamda jamiyat a`zolari sog`lig`ini muhofaza qilishga qaratilgan
barcha chora-tadbirlarda faol ishtirok etish har bir insonning yukasak burchidir.
Afsuski, o`zining ana shu burchini bilmaydiganlar yoki unitib qo`yganlar oz emas.
Tibbiyot fanidagi tadqiqotlardan ma`lum bo`lishicha, agar odamning sog`lig`i
100 % deb qabul qilinadigan bo`lsa, uning 50 % i har qaysi odamning turmush
tarziga, 20 % i tashqi muhit sharoitiga, 20 % i nasl xususiyatlariga va nihoyat 10 % i
tibbiy yordamga bog`liq.
Ma`lumki, aksariyat odamlar umrining 10 yili maktabda o`tadi. Inson hayotining
bu davri o`ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega. Bu davrda bola va o`smir organizmi uzluksiz
o`sadi va rivojlanadi. Shu bilan birga u tashqi muhitning turli ta`siriga juda
beriluvchan bo`ladi. Boshqacha aytganda, yoshlarning yashash, o`qish va
tarbiyalanish sharoiti ularning normal o`shishi hamda rivojlanishiga ta`sir etadi.
Binobarin, bu sharoit qulay yoki noqulay tashkil qilinishiga ko`ra, bolalar va
o`smirlarning o`sish, rivojlanishi normal yoki nonormal bo`lishi mumkin.
Ma`lumotlarga ko`ra, yuqorida aytilgan sharoitlarining yaratilmasligi yoki
ularga amal qilmasligi o`qibatida maktab o`quvchilarining talaygina qismida o`sish
va rivojlanishning buzilishi tayanch-harakatlanish va yurak-qon tomir tizimlarining,
nafas olish, ovqat hazm qilish a`zolarining surunkali kasalliklari, ko`rish
o`tkirligining pasayib qolishi kabi salbiy holatlar uchramoqda. Buning o`qibatida
o`rta maktabni bitiruvchi yoshlarning ma`lum qismi o`zi xohlagan kasbni egallash
imkonga ega bo`lmayotir.
Anatomiyaning o`rganish usullari.
Odam anatomiyasining o`rganish usullari bir necha xil bo`lib odam tuzulishi
haqida to`liq tassavvur hosil qilishda murdani yorib ko`rish usulidan foydalanib
o`rganiladi. Tirik odamlarda esa mavjud bo`lgan texnika vositalaridan, fizik
asboblardan foydalangan holda fiziologik usullar qo`llanib o`rganiladi. Bular
1.Antropomеtrik usul – bo`y uzunligi, tana vazni, ko`krak qafasi aylanasi, yеlka
kеngligi kabilar o`lchanib o`sish va rivojlanishi o`rganiladi.
2.Kesib ochish yo`li bilan preparatlar tayyorlash
3.Arralash usuli- murda muzlatilib, o`rganiladigan a‘zosi bo`lagini qavatma-
qavat qilib arralanadi va a‘zolar topografiyasi haqida kengroq ma‘lumot olinadi.
4.In‘eksiya usuli- ichi kovak a‘zolarga, qon tomirlariga turli xil kimyoviy
bo`yoqlar yuborib o`rganiladi.
5.Yoritish ravshanlashtirish usuli- o`rganiladigan a‘zo kislota yoki ishqor
suyuqliklariga solib kuzatiladi va nurlarini turlicha sinishi natijalari bir-biridan ajralib
6.Karroziya yoki yemirish usuli kovak a‘zolariga tez qotadigan modda yuborib
so`ngra kislota yoki ishqor ta‘sirida a‘zo to`qimalari yemiriladi va u a‘zoning shakli
7.Rentgen nuri yordamida o`rganish usuli- tirik odam tuzulishini o`rganishga
keng imkon beradi.
8.Paypaslab o`rganish usuli- a‘zo chegralarini o`rganadi
9.Perkussiya – barmoq yoki bolg`acha bilan urib aniqlash usuli, a‘zo chegaralari
10. Auskultatsiya usuli – maxsus eshutish asboblari yordamida yurak, o`pkaning
ishlab turgan paytdagi tovushi eshitiladi, normal yoki kassallik holati aniqlanadi.
11.Mikroskopda ko`rib urganish usuli- to`qima va a‘zolaring hujayraviy
Odam organizmini o`rganishda qo`llaniladigan anatomiya atamalari birinchi
marta 1894 yilda Shveytsariyaning Bazel shahrida bo`lgan anatomlar se`zdida qabul
qilingan. Bazel anatomiya atamalari nomenklaturasida a‘zolar tuzilishga mos
kelmaydigan atamalar ham bo`lgan. Shuning uchun 1955 yilda Parijda bo`lib o`tgan
anatomlar se`zdida Parij anatomiya atamalari nomenklaturasi qabul qilindi va hozir
ham qo`llanilib kelmoqda. A‘zolarning joylashgan o`rni, ularning alohida qismlarini
a‘zolarga nisbatan o`rganishda sagittal, fronttal va gorizantal sathdan foydalaniladi.
1.Sagittal sath odam tanasining oldindan orqa tomonga qaratib boshidan
oxirigacha vertikal kesilishi natijasidan hosil bo`ladi. Agar muzlatilgan murdaning
qoq o`rta qismidan o`ng va chap nimtalarga ajratilsa o`rta satx hosil bo`ladi.
2.Frontal sath sagittal sathga nisbatan to`gri burchak hosil qilib yoki aniqrogi
odam peshonasiga parallel holatda o`tkazilgan yuzadan vjudga keladi.
3.Gorizantal sath fazoga parallel yoki sagittal holda frontal sathlarga to`g`ri
burchak hosil qilib o`tkazilgan yuzadan hosil bo`ladi.
Anatomiya fanining rivojlanish tarixi.
Anatomiya fanining rivojlanish tarixi eramizdan oldingi uzoq o`tmishga borib
ta‘qaladi. Qadimda diniy aqidalarga ko`ra murdani кеsib o`rganish gunoh sanalib bu
usul bilan odam tuzilishini o`rganishga intilganlar o`lim jazosiga hukm etilgan.
Eramizdan oldingi XX asrda yashagan hind tabibi Bxaskara Bxatshe
«Anatomiya targ`iboti» asarida a‘zolar, muskullar, qon tomirlar, nervlar to`g`risida
yuzaki ma‘lumotlarni to`plagan.
Anatomiyaning asosiy rivojlanish davri qadimiy yunonlar mamlakatida
boshlanib Gippokrat, Pifogor, Arastu, (Aristotel) kabi allomalar tarbiyalangan
maktablar tashkil etilgan.
Buqrot (Gippokrat) – eramizdan oldingi 460-377 yillarda yashab, tibbiyot
sohasida o`zigacha bo`lgan ma‘lumotlarni to`plagan, kuzatish va tekshirishlari
asosida 72 ta asr yozgan yurak- qon tomirlar tuzulishi to`grisida ma‘lumot bergan.
Arastu (Aristotel)- eramizdan oldingi 384-322 yillarda yashab, nervlar paylardan
farqi borligini aorta qon tomiri yurakdan boshlanishini aniqlagan atoqli olim anatom,
Gerofil – eramizdan oldingi 300 yillarda yashagan.Ichki a`zolarni kesib
o`rgangan,harakatchan va sezuvchi nervlarni aniqlagan.
Jolinus Hakim (Klavdiy Galen) (130-210)- anatomiya, fiziologiya falsafa va
biologiyani mukammal bilgan. U suyaklar muskullar bosh va orqa miya
Jolinus hxayvonlar yuragi va qon tomirlarini o`rganib arteriyalarda havo emas
balki qon oqishini birinchi bo`lib isbotlagan. U davrda murdani yorib odam
anatomiyasini o`rganish mumkin bo`lmaganligi uchun odam a‘zolarining tuzilishini
hayvonlarda o`rganishga majbur bo`lgan, shu tufayli uning anatomik ma‘lumotlarida
ayrim xatoliklar bo`lgan.
Abu Ali ibn Sino (930-1037) – Buxoro shahri yaqinidagi Afshona qishlog`ida
tug`ilgan. Dastlabki bilimni Buxoroda olib 17 yoshlik chog`idayoq fanlarni
mukammal bilgan. U Xorazm va Eronda saroy tabibi bo`lib xizmat qilgan. Ibn Sino
yuzdan ortiq asar yaratgan, bulardan eng yirigi – «Tib qonunlari» besh jildli bo’lib
birinchi tomi anatomiya va fiziologiyaga bag`ishlangan. Ushbu kitobga tibbiyot
sohasidagi dunyoda bo’lgan barcha ma‘lumotlarni to’plabgina qolmasdan o’z
tekshirishlari va tushunchalari bilan fanni yanada boyitgan. Kitob turli tillarda qayta-
qayta nashr qilingan bo’lib tibbiyotda asosiy qo`llanma sifatida hanuzgacha xizmat
Ibn Sino organizmni o’rganishda odam konstitutsiyasiga birinchi bo’lib e’tibor
berdi. «Tib qonunlari» kitobida ichki kasalliklar, xirurgiya farmakologiya gigiyena va
tibbiyotning boshqa qismlari to`grisida batafsil ma‘lumotlar berilgan. «Tib
qonunlari» o`zbek tilida birinchi marta 1954-1956 yillarda Toshkentda bosilib
Vilyam Garvey (1578-1657)- anatom va fiziolog bo`lib o`z kuzatish va
tajribalari asosida 1626 yilda e‘lon qilingan «Hayvonlarda yurak va qon harakati
to`grisida anatomik tekshirishlar» degan ilmiy asarida katta va kichik qon aylanish
doiralarini birinchi marta ilmiy ravishda isbotlab bergan.Garviy qonni arteriyadan
venaga ko`zga ko`rinmaydigan mayda tomirchalar orqali o`tadi deb taxmin qilgan.
M. Malpigi (1628-1694) arteriya bilan venani bir biriga qo`shib turadigan
kapillyarlar borligini mikroskop ostida ko`rib isbotladi.
Fredrik Ryuish (1638-1731)- qon tomirlariga rangli moddalar yuborib o`rgangan
va preparatlar tayyorlangan.
XII-XIII asrlarda ya‘ni uyg`onish davrida anatomiya faniga qiziqish Italiyada,
keyin Fransiyada ochilgan tibbiyot maktablarida yangitdan boshlandi. Olimlar talabi
bilan har besh yilda bir marta murdani ochib o`rganishga ruxsat
berilgan.Natijada,dunyoda birinchi bo`lib Mondino da Lyutsi 1326 yilda ikki murdani
o`rganib, olingan ma‘lumotlar asosida anatomiya darsligini yozdi.
Leonardo da Vinchi (1452-1519)- Italiyalik rassom, matematik, injiner va
faylasufdir, u 30 dan ortiq murdalarni kesib o`rgangan va a‘zolar rasmini chizib
chiqqan. U dunyoda birinchi bulib muskillarning ishlash dinamikani o`rganib, shu
bilan plastik anatomiyaga asos solgan.
Andrey Vezaliy (1514-1564) – «Anatomiya jadvallari» atlasini va «odam
tanasining tuzilishi to`grisidagi yetti kitob» ni yozdi.
Gabriel Fallopiy (1523-1562) tarixda birinchi bo`lib kalla suyaklarining tuzilishi
va taraqiyoti, muskullar, jinsiy a‘zolar, bachadon nayi, eshitish va ko`rish a‘zolarini
o`rganib «Anatomik kuzatishlar» kitobini yozgan.
B. Evstaxiy (1510-1574) – Vezaliyning anatomiyadagi ayrim xatolarini
to`g`riladi. U tishlar, buyraklar, eshitish a‘zolarini o`rganib birinchi marta halqum
bilan o`rta quloq bo`shlig`ini qo`shib turuvchi eshitish yo`lini aniqladi. Kuzatishlar
asosida 1714 – yilda «Anatomiya qo`llanmalari» asarini nashr ettirdi.
I. Purkin`e (1787-1869) suyak hujayralari, yurak muskullaridagi alohida
o`tkazish tolalari, nerv tolalarining mikroskopik tuzilishini o`rganadi.
Rossiyada XVII- asrgacha vrachlar chetdan taklif etilib, faqat imperator
saroylaridagina xizmat qilganlar. Ammo XVII asrning o`rtalarida toun epidimeyasi
Moskvada birinchi tibbiyot maktabining (1654 yil) ochilishiga sabab bo`lgan.
Pyotr 1 Peterburg va Kronshtadtda, keyinchalik boshqa shaharlarda ham harbiy
gospitallar qoshida tibbiyot maktablari ochtirgan va brinchi navbatda odam
anatomiyasi fani bilan shug`ullanishni da`vat etgan.
Pyotr 1 ning tashabussi bilan Peterburgda tibbiyot akademiyasi tashkil etilgan.
Akademiyaga ishlagan olimlardan biri M. V. Lомоnоsов (1711-1765) nervizm
g`oyalarini targ`ib etgan anatomiyani o`rganishga davat etgan vа tabiyatshunoslik
faniga asos solgan olim bo`lgan. Uning tashabbusi bilan ochilgan universitet qoshida
tibbiyot fakulteti bo`lgan.
N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881) – rus harbiy- dala jarrohligining asoschisi va topograf
anatomidir. U odam organizmidagi a‘zolarni muzlatib, qotirib, qavatma- qavat qilib
kesib o`rgangan. Fassiyalar, muskullar va qon tomirlarni o`rgandi va “Muzlatilgan
murdalarni arralab o`rganilgan topografik anatomiya” atlasini (1859yil) yozdi.
V. I. Bets (1834-94) Kiyev unevirsiteti proffesori, anatom.U bosh miyaning
po`stloq qavatini, buyrak usti bezi va jigardagi qon aylanish tartibini urgangan .
I.M.Sechenov (1829-1905) nervizm g`oyalarinig asoschisi bo`lib u organizmni
bir butun bo`lib tashqi muhit bilan bog`lanishini isbotladi.I.M. Sechenov 1863 yilda
I.P.Pavlov (1849-1936) odam markaziy nerv tizimi fiziologiyasini o`rganishga
salmoqli hissa qushgan. U brinchi bo`lib ikkita signal tizimi to`g`risida, shartli
riflekslar va oliy nerv tizimining faoliyati to`grisidagi nazariyani ilgari surib
tugallangan ta‘limot yaratdi.
O`zbekiston Respublikasida sog`lom avlodni shakllantirish borasidagi tadbirlar.
O`zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar mahkamasining 1993 yil 3 dekabrdagi 589-
sonlo qarori bilan “Yosh avlodni sog`lomlashtirish muammolarini majmuali hal
etish” ning kengaytirilgan dasturi tasdiqlangan.
Mazkur dasturda odamning sog`lig`ini mustahkamlash va umrini uzaytirishda
jamiyatimizning har bir a`zosi sog`lom turmush tarziga riyoa qilishi muhim
ahamiyatga ega ekanligi qayd etilgan. Sog`lom turmush tarzi tushunchasi odam xulq-
atvorining hamma tomonlarini o`z ichiga oladi.
Har kimning mas`uliyatli vazifasi hisoblangan o`z-o`zini bilish tushunchasi
buning bir qismidir. Buning ma`nosi shuki, odam o`z organizmining tuzilishi va
funksional xususiyatlarini asrash va rivojlantirish uchun zarur bo`lgan qoidalarga
amal qiladi. Chunonchi, kun tartibiga, sanitariya va gigiyena talablariga amal qilish
odat tusiga kiradi.
– Odam o`z ruhiy holatini boshqara oladi, qattiq hayajon va ruhiy zarblaraga
– o`zining ovqatlanishini nazorat qiladi;
– shakllantirish borasidagi tadbirlar.
– harakatchanlik, jismoniy tarbiya va sport kun tratibidan mustahkam o`rin oladi.
Spirtli ichimliklar, kashandalik va giyohvandlikdan voz kechadi;
– tabiatga g`amxo`rlik bilan munosabatda bo`ladi;
– yangi turmush quruvchi yigit va qizlar, yangi insonni dunyoga keltiruvchi
kiyov va kelinlar o`z farzandlarining sog`lig`I, jismoniy va ruhiy barkamolligi uchun
barvaqt g`amxo`rlik qiladilar.
Yuqorida aytilgan fikr-mulohazalardan kelib chiqadigan xulosa shuki, sog`lom
turmush tarsi uchun kurashish hozirgi avlodni manfaatlari uchungina emas, balki
kelgusi avlodlarni eng maqbul genetic dastur bilan ta`minlash uchun ham zarurdir.
Odam qancha sog`lom bo`lsa, uning farzandlari, nevara-chevaralari, ya`ni kelgusi
avlod ham sog`lom bo`ladi.
Odam organizmi haqida umumiy ma`lumot. Odam uzoq yillik evolyutsion
jarayonining mahsulidir. Shuning uchun ham odam va yuqori tabaqali (yuksak)
hayvonlar organizmning tuzilishida ba`zi o`xshashliklar bor. Jumladan, anatomiya va
fiziologiya fanlarining ilmiy tadqiqotlari natijasida odam va yuksak hayvonlarning
skeleti, miyasi, yuragi, o`pkasi, ovqat hazm qilish va ayirish kabi a`zolarining
tuzilishi hamda funksiyasida (Bajaradigan ishida) o`zshashliklar borligi aniqlangan.
Odamning shakllanishida mehnat muhim rol o`ynagan. Mehnat qilish tufayli
ibtidoiy odamlar avval tik turishga, so`ngra qo`l barmoqlari bilan mehnat qurollarini
ushlashga o`rgangan. Mehnat qilish jarayonida ularda bir-biri bilan hamkorlikda
bo`lish zarurati tug`ilgan va natijada nutq yuzaga kelgan. Mehnat va nutq tufayli
ularda fikrlash qobiliyati rivojlangan. Bu o`z navbatida bosh miya va sezgi
a`zolarining hamda mehnat qilish a`zosi bo`lgan qo`lning yuksak darajada
rivojlanishiga sabab bo`lgan.
Odam tashqi muhit ta`sirlarini sezishi, ularni fikrlashi va o`zaro munosabatda
bo`lishi kabi barcha xususiyatlar bosh miyaning faoliyati ekanligi fiziologiya fanidan
ilmiy tadqiqotlar tufayli aniqlangan. Bu quyidagi misolda yaqqol ko`rinadi. Spirtli
ichimliklar va narkotik moddalar bosh miyaning nerv hujayralari faoliyatini buzadi.
Shuning uchun ham spirtli ichimlik ichib mast bo`lgan odamning fiklash qobiliyati
pasayadi. Narkotik modda iste`mol qiluvchilar ham huddi shunday bo`ladi. Shunday
qilib, tarixiy evolyutsion jarayonida, tashqi muhit va ijtimoiy omillar odam
organizmining tuzilishi, funksional xususiyatlari va ongning shakllanishini belgilaydi.
Nazorat uchun savollar:
1. Odam anatomiyasi fani nimani o`rganadi?
2. Nima uchun odam anatomiyasi tibbiy fanlarning asosi hisoblanadi?
3.Anatomiyaning o`rganish usullari nimalardan iborat?
4. Anatomiya atamalari deganda nimani tushunasiz?
5. Anatomiya fani qanday rivojlanish tarixiga ega?
6. O`zbekistonda tibbiyot fani qanday rivojlanmoqda?
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ma’muriyatiga murojaat qiling
Qiziqarli malumotlar
Odam anatomiyasi 8 sinf 2023