Прокат товаров – Qorbobo

1 Oldingi raqamlar

• 1.1 Aziz Nikolay
• 1.2 Ota Rojdestvo
• 1.3 Gollandiyalik, belgiyalik va shveytsariyalik folklor
• 1.4 Germaniy butparastlik, Vodan va xristianlashtirish

• 2.1 Kelib chiqishi
• 2.2 19-asr
• 2.3 20-asr

• 4.1 Baca an’anaviy
• 4.2 Rojdestvo arafasida marosimlar
• 4.3 Ho, ho, ho
• 4.4 Uy
• 4.5 Paradlar, do’konlar va savdo markazlari
• 4.6 Qorboboga xat yozish
• 4.7 Santa Klausni kuzatib borish

• 5.1 Kalvinist va puritan muxolifati
• 5.2 Davlat ateizmi ostidagi muxolifat
• 5.3 Tijoratizmning ramzi
• 5.4 Bolalarni aldash haqida tortishuvlar

• 6.1 Tegishli raqamlar
• 6.2 Boshqalar

• 7.1 Iqtiboslar
• 7.2 Bibliografiya

Oldingi raqamlar

1881 yilgi rasm Tomas Nast kim bilan birga Klement Klark Mur 1823 she’r “Aziz Nikolayga tashrif “, Santa Klausning zamonaviy qiyofasini yaratishga yordam berdi.

Aziz Nikolay

Asosiy maqola: Aziz Nikolay
13-asrda Aziz Nikolay tasvirlangan Avliyo Ketrin monastiri, Sinay

Myra shahridagi avliyo Nikolay 4-asr edi Yunoncha Nasroniy episkopi Myra (hozir Demre ) ichida Likiya. Nikolay kambag’allarga saxiy sovg’alari bilan mashhur edi, xususan, xudojo’y nasroniyning uchta qashshoq qizini mahr ular fohishaga aylanmasliklari uchun. [8] U yoshligidanoq juda dindor edi va hayotini butunlay nasroniylikka bag’ishladi. Kontinental Evropada (aniqrog’i Niderlandiya, Belgiya, Avstriya, Chexiya va Germaniya) u odatda kanonik liboslarda soqolli episkop sifatida tasvirlangan.

1087 yilda, va Yunon nasroniy aholisi Mirani yangi kelgan musulmon o’ziga bo’ysundirdi Saljuqiylar sulolasi va ulardan ko’p o’tmay Yunon pravoslavlari cherkov kirgan deb e’lon qilingan edi nizo katolik cherkovi tomonidan (milodiy 1054 y.), Italiya shahridan bo’lgan savdogarlar guruhi Bari Myra shahridagi yunon cherkovida uning sarkofagidan Nikolay skeletining asosiy suyaklarini olib tashladi. Mira rohiblarining e’tiroziga binoan dengizchilar Aziz Nikolayning suyaklarini Bariga olib borishdi, u erda ular hozirda San-Nikola bazilikasi. Bari dengizchilari Nikolay skeletining atigi yarmini to’plashdi va barcha kichik bo’laklarni cherkov sarkofagida qoldirishdi. Keyinchalik ularni Venetsiyalik dengizchilar olib ketishdi Birinchi salib yurishi va joylashtirilgan Venetsiya, bu erda dengizchilarning homiysi bo’lgan Aziz Nikolayga cherkov qurilgan San-Nikoley al-Lido. Aziz Nikolayning buzilgan sarkofagini hali ham ko’rish mumkin Aziz Nikolay cherkovi Myra shahrida. Ushbu an’ana yodgorliklarning ikkita muhim ilmiy tekshiruvlarida tasdiqlandi Bari va Venetsiya Italiyaning ikki shahridagi yodgorliklar bir xil skeletga tegishli ekanligini aniqladi. Keyinchalik Avliyo Nikolay a homiysi avliyo dan turli xil guruhlarning kamonchilar, dengizchilar va bolalar garovgirlar. [8] [9] U ikkalasining ham homiysi hisoblanadi Amsterdam va Moskva. [10]

O’rta asrlarda, ko’pincha uning nomi 6 dekabrdan oldin kechqurun bolalarga uning sharafiga sovg’alar berildi. Ushbu sana bolalar uchun sovg’alar kunidan ancha ilgariroq bo’lib o’tdi Islohot va uning 24 va 25 dekabr kunlari ko’plab mamlakatlarda azizlarning hurmatiga qarshi chiqishi. Rojdestvoda bolalarga sovg’a qilish odati targ’ib qilingan Martin Lyuter muqaddas Nikolayda avvalgi juda mashhur sovg’a odatlariga muqobil ravishda, azizlarni hurmat qilish o’rniga bolalarning Masihga bo’lgan qiziqishini qaratish. Martin Lyuter birinchi bo’lib buni taklif qildi Christkind sovg’alar keltiruvchi sifatida. Ammo Nikolay odamlar uchun sovg’alar sifatida mashhur bo’lib qoldi. [11] [12] [13]

Ota Rojdestvo

“Rojdestvo sovg’asining arvohi”, tasvirlangan John Leech uchun qilingan Charlz Dikkens bayramona klassik Rojdestvo Kerol (1843).

Asosiy maqola: Ota Rojdestvo

Ota Rojdestvo XVI asrga to’g’ri keladi Angliya hukmronligi davrida Genri VIII, u mo’yna bilan qoplangan yashil yoki qizil rangli liboslarda katta odam sifatida tasvirlanganida. [14] U Rojdestvoda tinchlik, quvonch, yaxshi ovqat va sharob va zavq-shavq keltiradigan xushchaqchaqlik ruhini yozdi. [14] Angliya endi saqlamaganligi sababli bayram kuni 6-dekabr kuni avliyo Nikolayning Rojdestvo bayrami Rojdestvo kuniga to’g’ri kelishi uchun 25-dekabrga ko’chirildi. [14] Rojdestvo Viktoriya tomonidan qayta tiklanishi Ota Rojdestvo xushchaqchaqlik timsoliga aylandi. [15] Uning tashqi qiyofasi o’zgaruvchan edi, [16] bitta taniqli tasvir bilan John Leechniki “tasviriRojdestvo sovg’asi arvohi “ichida Charlz Dikkens bayramona klassik Rojdestvo Kerol (1843), mo’yna bilan qoplangan yashil palto kiygan buyuk genial odam sifatida, hozirgi Rojdestvo tongida Scrooge-ni Londonning shov-shuvli ko’chalari bo’ylab olib, Rojdestvo mohiyatini baxtli aholiga sepmoqda. [14] [15]

Gollandiyalik, belgiyalik va shveytsariyalik folklor

Shuningdek qarang: Sinterklaas va Aziz Nikolay
Sinterklaas, Niderlandiya (2009) uning otini chaqirdi Slecht Weer Vandaag yoki Amerigo

Gollandiyada va Belgiyada Santa Klausning xarakteri uning bilan raqobatlashishi kerak Sinterklaas / avliyo Nikolay, Qorboboning taxmin qilingan ajdodi. Santa Klaus sifatida tanilgan de Kerstman golland tilida (“Rojdestvo odam”) va Pere Noël (“Ota Rojdestvo”) frantsuz tilida. Ammo Niderlandiyadagi bolalar uchun Sinterklaas dekabr oyida sovg’a qiluvchi shaxs bo’lib qoldi; Gollandiyaliklarning 36% sovg’alarni faqat Sinterklaas oqshomida yoki kunning o’zida beradi (6 dekabr) [17] ), Rojdestvo (25 dekabr) esa yana 21% tomonidan sovg’alar berish uchun ishlatiladi. Gollandiyaliklarning taxminan 26 foizi har ikki kunda ham sovg’alar beradi. [18] Belgiyada sovg’alar faqat 6 dekabr bolalarga taqdim etiladi, Rojdestvo kuni esa barcha yoshdagilar sovg’alar olishlari mumkin. Sankt-Nikolas / Sinterklaasning yordamchilari chaqirildi “Zvarte Pieten “(golland tilida) yoki”Pere Fouetard “(frantsuz tilida), shuning uchun ular elf emas. [19] Shveytsariyada, Pere Fouetard Frantsuz tilida so’zlashadigan mintaqada Pere Noëlga, yomon Shmutzli esa Samichlausga Shveytsariyalik nemis mintaqa. Shmutzli yaramas bolalarni urish uchun novdalar supurgi ko’tarib yuradi. [20]

Germaniy butparastlik, Vodan va xristianlashtirish

1886 yilda uzoq soqolli Norse xudosi tasvirlangan Odin tomonidan Jorj fon Rozen

Xristianlashtirishdan oldin German xalqlari (shu jumladan ingliz tilida) chaqirilgan midwinter tadbirini nishonladi Yule (Qadimgi ingliz geola yoki giuli). [21] Germaniya Evropasining nasroniylashuvi bilan Yuletide bayramidan zamonaviy Rojdestvoga ko’plab urf-odatlar singib ketdi. [22] Ushbu davrda g’ayritabiiy va ruhiy hodisalar tez-tez ko’payib borishi aytilgan, masalan Yovvoyi ov, osmon orqali sharpa kabi yurish. [ iqtibos kerak ] Yovvoyi ovning etakchisi tez-tez xudo sifatida tasdiqlanadi Wodan (Norse Odin ), rulman (orasida ko’plab ismlar ) ismlar Xolnir, “Yule figurasi” ma’nosini anglatadi va Langbarðr, “uzun soqol” degan ma’noni anglatadi, yilda Qadimgi Norse. [23]

Yuletid davridagi Vodanning roli Avliyo Nikolayning tushunchalariga turli jabhalarda, shu jumladan uning uzun oq soqoli va tungi sayr qilish uchun kulrang otiga ta’sir ko’rsatganligi haqida nazariya qilingan (Odin otini taqqoslang Sleipnir ) yoki Shimoliy Amerika an’analarida uning kiyiklari. [24] Folklorshunos olim Margaret Beyker “kuni 25-dekabr bo’lgan Santa-Klaus yoki Rojdestvo Ota paydo bo’lishi shimolning o’rta qish osmonida yurgan qadimgi ko’k qalpoqli, plashli, oq soqolli Odingerga qarzdor”, deb ta’kidlaydi. uning sakkiz oyoqli oti Sleipnir, o’z xalqiga sovg’alar bilan tashrif buyurdi, Odin Rojdestvoga aylangan, keyin Santa Klaus bilan gullab-yashnagan. Sankt-Nikolay va Christchild, Rojdestvo sahnasida etakchi o’yinchiga aylandi. ” [25]

Finlyandiyada Santa Klaus chaqiriladi Joulupukki (“Rojdestvo echkisi” to’g’ridan-to’g’ri tarjimasi). [26] Uchayotgan kiyik ning ishlatilishini ramziy ma’noga ega bo’lishi mumkin uchish agarik tomonidan Sami shamanlar. [27]

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Cherkov tarixi va folkloridan sovg’alarni sovg’a qiluvchining dastlabki namoyandalari, xususan, Aziz Nikolay inglizcha Rojdestvo xarakteri bilan birlashib, amerikaliklarga va boshqa ingliz tilida so’zlashadigan dunyoga “Santa Klaus” (fonetik lotin) nomi bilan ma’lum bo’lgan afsonaviy xarakterni yaratdi. ning “Sinterklaas “ichida Golland ).

In Ingliz tili va keyinroq Shimoliy Amerikaning ingliz mustamlakalari va keyinchalik Qo’shma Shtatlarda, sovg’a beruvchining ingliz va golland versiyalari yanada birlashdi. Masalan, ichida Vashington Irving “s Nyu-York tarixi (1809), Sinterklaas “Santa Klaus” ga aylantirildi (bu nom ilk bor 1773 yilda Amerika matbuotida ishlatilgan) [28] lekin episkopning kiyimini yo’qotib qo’ydi va dastlab yashil qorli palto kiygan trubka bilan qalin qorinli gollandiyalik dengizchi sifatida tasvirlangan edi. Irvingning kitobi a lampoon Gollandiyalik Nyu-York madaniyati va ushbu portretning aksariyati uning hazillashadigan ixtirosi. [29] Irvingning Santa Klausni talqini davrning tobora yovvoyi bo’lib borayotgan Rojdestvo tantanalarini yumshatish uchun keng ko’lamli harakatlarning bir qismi bo’lib, unda niqob ostida agressiv uy bosqini bo’lgan. suzib yurish, sezilarli darajada nikohgacha jinsiy aloqa (etakchi ov miltiq to’ylari bo’lgan joylarda Puritanlar, hokimiyatni susaytirgan va Rojdestvoga qat’iy qarshi bo’lgan, hali ham ba’zi ta’sirga ega edi) va jinsiy buzilishning ommaviy namoyishlari; davr bayramlari ham yuqori toifadagi savdogarlar, ham nasroniy puristlar tomonidan masxara qilingan. [29]

19-asr

1-oyatiga misol Old Santeklaus juda zavqlantiradi
1850 yilda o’z xizmatkori bilan avliyo Nikolayning tasviri Pere Fouetard /Zvarte Piet

1821 yilda kitob Beshdan o’n ikki yoshgacha bo’lgan kichkintoylarga yangi yil sovg’asi Nyu-Yorkda nashr etilgan. Unda mavjud edi Old Santeklaus juda zavqlantiradi, Santeklausni kiyik chanasida tasvirlab berib, bolalarga sovg’alar olib kelishini anonim she’r. [30] Santa Klausning ba’zi zamonaviy g’oyalari paydo bo’ldi kanon she’rning noma’lum nashridan keyin “Aziz Nikolayga tashrif “(bugungi kunda” Rojdestvo oldidan kechasi “nomi bilan mashhur) Troy, Nyu-York, Sentinel 1823 yil 23-dekabrda; Klement Klark Mur keyinchalik mualliflik huquqini da’vo qildi, ammo ba’zi olimlar buni ta’kidlaydilar Genri Livingston, kichik (Murning da’vosidan to’qqiz yil oldin vafot etgan) muallif edi. [8] [31] Sankt-Nikni “kichkina yumaloq qorinli” tombul va tombul, o’ng quvnoq keksa elf “,” u bir piyola jele kabi kulganda titragan “, shunga qaramay” miniatyura chana “va” kichkina kiyik “hali ham uning jismoniy jihatdan kichraytirilganligini ko’rsatadi. The kiyik shuningdek, Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder va Blixem (Dunder va Blixem eski gollandiyalik momaqaldiroq va chaqmoq so’zlaridan kelib chiqqan bo’lib, keyinchalik ular nemis ovozi bo’lgan Donner va Blitsenga almashtirilgan). [32]

1845 yilgacha “Kris Kringl “Qo’shma Shtatlarning ba’zi joylarida Santa-ning keng tarqalgan varianti edi. [33] Britaniyalik o’quvchilarga Amerikaning Rojdestvo urf-odatlari tasvirlangan 1853 yildagi jurnal maqolasida Rojdestvo arafasida nomlari turlicha bo’lgan “ajoyib odam” uchun paypoqlarini osib qo’ygan bolalar nazarda tutilgan: Pensilvaniyada u odatda “Krishkinkle” deb nomlanadi, ammo Nyu-Yorkda u “Aziz Nikolay” yoki “Santa Klaus”. Muallif [34] Murning she’rini to’liq keltirib, uning tavsiflari Krishkinklega ham tegishli ekanligini aytadi. [35]

Yillar o’tishi bilan, Santa Klaus ommaviy madaniyatda katta, og’ir odamga aylandi. Santa Klausning zamonaviy qiyofasini aniqlagan birinchi rassomlardan biri Tomas Nast, amerikalik karikaturachi 19-asr. 1863 yilda Santa Nast tomonidan tasvirlangan rasm paydo bo’ldi Harper haftaligi.

Tomas Nast Santa-Klausning 1863 yil 3-yanvar sonidagi rasm bilan abadiylashtirilgan Harper haftaligi. Qorbobo kiyingan edi Amerika bayrog’i, va “ismli qo’g’irchoq bor ediJeff unda fuqarolik urushi mazmunini aks ettiruvchi yozilgan.

Santa Klausning Shimoliy qutbda yashashi haqidagi voqea ham Nast ijodi bo’lishi mumkin. Uning Rojdestvo qiyofasi Harperniki 1866 yil 29-dekabrdagi sonlar gravyuralar kollaji edi Santa Klaus va uning asarlari“Santa Claussville, N.P.” yozuvini o’z ichiga olgan [36] 1869 yilda nashr etilgan Nast rasmlarining rangli to’plamida, shuningdek, Santa Klausning uyi “Shimoliy qutbga yaqin joyda, muz va qorda” deb yozgan Jorj P. Vebsterning “Santa Klaus va uning asarlari” deb nomlangan she’ri bor edi. [37] Ertak 1870-yillarda yaxshi ma’lum bo’lgan. Bir bola Kolorado bolalar jurnaliga yozish Bolalar bog’chasi 1874 yil oxirida: “Agar biz Shimoliy qutbdan unchalik uzoq yashamagan bo’lsak, men Santa Klausdan menga eshak olib kelishini so’rashim kerak”, dedi. [38]

Santa Klausga xotinni yaratish g’oyasi 19-asr o’rtalaridan boshlab amerikalik mualliflarning yaratilishi bo’lishi mumkin. 1889 yilda shoir Katarin Li Bates ommalashgan Klaus xonim “Goody Santa Claus a chana ride” she’rida.

“Santa Klaus bormi?” 1897 yil 21 sentyabrda nashr etilgan tahririyat sarlavhasi edi Nyu-York Quyoshi. Mashhur javobni o’z ichiga olgan tahririyat “Ha, Virjiniya, Santa Klaus bor “, Qo’shma Shtatlar va Kanadadagi mashhur Rojdestvo bayramining o’chmas qismiga aylandi.

Rossiyada Ded Moroz 19-asrning oxirida Santa Klaus figurasi sifatida paydo bo’ldi [39] qaerda Rojdestvo Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovi 7 yanvarda saqlanadi.

20-asr

L. Frank Baum “s Qorboboning hayoti va sarguzashtlari, 1902 yil bolalar kitobi, Santa Klausni yanada ommalashtirdi. O’sha paytda Santa Klaus afsonalarining ko’p qismi toshga qo’yilmagan edi, chunki Baum o’zining “Neklaus” ini (Necilning kichkintoyi) har xil o’lmas qo’llab-quvvatlashga, Xoxaxo kulgan vodiysidagi uyga va o’n kiyik – u ucha olmagan, lekin parvozga o’xshash ulkan chegaralarda sakrab tushgan. Klausniki o’lmaslik tabiiy ravishda o’lmaydiganlarning ovozi bilan qaror topgan unvoniga (“Santa”) o’xshab qo’lga kiritildi. Ushbu ish Klausning motivlarini ham yaratdi: o’lmaslar orasida baxtli bolalik. Dunyo ustasi Vudsman Ak tashqi dunyodagi bolalarning qashshoqligi va qashshoqligiga duch kelganida, Santa barcha bolalar hayotiga quvonch baxsh etish yo’lini topishga intiladi va oxir-oqibat asosiy vosita sifatida o’yinchoqlar ixtiro qiladi. Santa keyinchalik paydo bo’ladi Ozga boradigan yo’l Ozmaning tug’ilgan kunida faxriy mehmon sifatida, u “Bolalarning eng qudratli va sodiq do’sti, oliy hazratlari – Santa Klaus” deb e’lon qilinishidan oldin ham hammaga ta’zim qila oladigan darajada taniqli va sevimli bo’lishini ta’kidladi.

Santa Klausaning tasvirlari orqali yanada ommalashdi Xaddon Sundblom uchun uning tasviri Coca-Cola kompaniyasi 1930-yillarda Rojdestvo reklamasi. [8] [40] Tasvirning mashhurligi paydo bo’ldi shahar afsonalari Santa Claus The Coca-Cola Company tomonidan ixtiro qilingan yoki Santa Coca-Cola brendini targ’ib qilish uchun ishlatiladigan ranglar bo’lgani uchun qizil va oq kiygan. [41] Tarixiy jihatdan Coca-Cola birinchi emas edi alkogolsiz ichimlik kompaniya o’z reklamasida Santa Klausning zamonaviy qiyofasidan foydalanadi -White Rock ichimliklar sotish uchun allaqachon qizil va oq Santa ishlatgan edi mineral suv 1915 yilda va keyin uning reklamalarida zanjabil ale 1923 yilda. [42] [43] [44] Oldinroq, Santa Klaus qizil va oq rangda kiyingan va asosan hozirgi qiyofasida bir nechta muqovalarda paydo bo’lgan edi Puck 20-asrning dastlabki bir necha yillarida jurnal. [45]

Santa Klaus kabi kiyingan odam mablag ‘yig’ish uchun Amerika ko’ngillilari ustida yulka ko’chadan Chikago, Illinoys, 1902 yilda. U soqoli bog’langan niqob kiygan.

Santa-Klausning xayrixoh obraz sifatida tasviri uning xayriya va xayriya bilan aloqasi bilan mustahkamlandi, xususan, masalan, Najot armiyasi. Santa-Klaus kiygan ko’ngillilar odatda uning bir qismiga aylanishdi mablag ‘yig’ish Rojdestvo paytida muhtoj oilalarga yordam berish uchun haydovchilar.

1937 yilda, Charlz V. Xovard, do’konlarda va paradlarda Santa Klaus rolini o’ynagan, Charlz V. Xovard Santa maktabini, dunyodagi doimiy ravishda faoliyat yuritadigan eng qadimiy maktabni tashkil etdi. [46]

20-asrning boshlarida tasvirlangan ba’zi rasmlarda Santa o’z qo’llari bilan o’yinchoqlarini usta singari kichik ustaxonada yasab berayotgani tasvirlangan. Oxir-oqibat, uning o’yinchoqlar yasashga mas’ul bo’lgan ko’plab elflari bor degan fikr paydo bo’ldi, ammo o’yinchoqlar hali ham an’anaviy tarzda ishlaydigan har bir elf tomonidan qo’lda ishlangan.

1956 yilgi mashhur qo’shiq Jorj Melachrino, “Santa Klaus xonim” va 1963 yilgi bolalar uchun kitob Santa Klaus xonim Rojdestvo bayramini qanday qutqardi, tomonidan Filis Makginli, xarakterini va rolini standartlashtirishga va o’rnatishga yordam berdi Klaus xonim mashhur tasavvurda.

Seabury Quinn 1948 yilgi roman Yo’llar Santa va Rojdestvo kelib chiqishi haqida hikoya qilish uchun tarixiy afsonalardan foydalanadi. Santa “hikoyasi” ga boshqa zamonaviy qo’shimchalar kiradi Rudolph Qizil burun kiyik, 1939 yilda yaratilgan 9-va etakchi kiyik Robert L. May, a Montgomeri palatasi kopirayter va andimortalized 1949 yilgi qo’shiq tomonidan Gen Autry.

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Shuningdek qarang: SantaCon

20-asrning oxiriga kelib ommaviy mexanizatsiyalashgan ishlab chiqarish haqiqati G’arb jamoatchiligi tomonidan to’liq qabul qilindi. [ iqtibos kerak ] Elflar foydalanayotgan sifatida tasvirlangan edi yig’ish liniyalari 20-asrning boshlarida o’yinchoqlar ishlab chiqarish. Ushbu o’zgarish Santa-qarorgohning zamonaviy tasvirida aks etdi – hozirda u eng yangi ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi bilan jihozlangan va elflar tomonidan Santa-Klaus va Klaus xonimlar rahbarlari yoki menejerlari sifatida nazorat qilinadigan to’liq mexanizatsiyalashgan ishlab chiqarish va tarqatish ob’ekti sifatida ko’pincha kulgili tarzda tasvirlanadi. [47] Ta’minot zanjiri menejerlarining savdo jurnalidan 2004 yildagi maqoladan parcha ushbu tasvirni juda yaxshi aks ettiradi:

Santa asosiy tarqatish markazi ko’rish uchun manzara. 4.000.000 kvadrat metr (370.000 m) 2 ), bu dunyodagi eng yirik inshootlardan biri. Haqiqiy vaqt omborlarni boshqarish tizimi Albatta, bunday kompleksni boshqarish uchun (WMS) talab qilinadi. Muassasa vazifalarni o’zaro bog’lashdan keng foydalanadi, bu so’zma-so’z ma’noda doimiy harakatlarni (to’xtatish, to’ldirish, buyurtma yig’ish, chanalarni yuklash, tsikllarni hisoblash) birlashtirib, shahar elflari uch yildan beri ishlab chiqilgan standartlar va rag’batlantirishlar bo’yicha dinamik navbatda, natijada 12% daromad hosildorlik. WMS va transport tizimi to’liq birlashtirilgan bo’lib, (elflarga) transport va buyurtmalarni yig’ish va boshqa doimiy xarajatlarni muvozanatlashtiradigan maqbul qarorlarni qabul qilishga imkon beradi. Ko’pchilik bilmagan holda, Santa Rojdestvo arafasida ishni bajarish uchun ko’plab chana va soxta Santa haydovchilaridan foydalanishi kerak, va transportni boshqarish tizimi (TMS) kublardan maksimal darajada foydalanishni ta’minlaydigan va jami havo millarini minimallashtiradigan minglab birlashtirilgan sumkalarni optimal ravishda quradi. [48]

1912 yilda aktyor Lidem Bantok filmda Santa Klaus rolini o’ynaganligi aniqlangan birinchi aktyor bo’ldi. qor bobo, Santa Klaus u o’zi ham boshqargan, cheklangan, ikki rangli rangli jarayonda suratga olingan sahnalarni o’z ichiga olgan va batafsil modellardan foydalangan. [49] [50] O’shandan beri ko’plab badiiy filmlar Santa Klausni qahramon sifatida namoyish etishdi, shu jumladan 34-ko’chadagi mo”jiza, Santa Claus va Elf.

Multfilmlar bazasida Santa bir necha kishi, jumladan Sten Frensis, Mikki Runi, Ed Asner, Jon Gudman va Kit Vikem.

Santa ijobiy erkak deb ta’riflangan madaniy belgi:

Santa – bu haqiqatan ham bizda erkak, qurol ko’tarmaydigan va tinchlik, quvonch, boshqa odamlarga berish va ularga g’amxo’rlik ko’rsatadigan yagona madaniy belgi. Bu men uchun sehrning bir qismi, ayniqsa biz tijoratga aylanib, ishlab chiqarilgan piktogramma bilan bog’langan madaniyat. Santa juda organik, ajralmas, o’tmish bilan bog’liq va shuning uchun kelajakka bog’liqdir.

— Televizion prodyuser Jonathan Meath Santa, 2011 yil kimni tasvirlaydi [51]

Ko’plab televizion reklamalar, kulgili chiziqlar va boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalari buni kulgili biznesning bir turi sifatida tasvirlashadi Qorboboning elflari ba’zan xayrixohlik bilan norozi ishchi kuchi rolini o’ynab, hazillarini buzib, xo’jayiniga aldayapti. Masalan, a Bloom tumani 1981 yil 15-dekabrdan 1981-yil 24-dekabrgacha bo’lgan voqeada Santa PETCO (Professional Elf o’yinchoqlarini tayyorlash va hunarmandchilik tashkiloti) ning yuqori ish haqi, echinish xonasida hammom va “kalta faralar” haqidagi talablarini rad etdi. urish. Prezident Reygan kirib, Qorboboning barcha yordamchilarini ishdan bo’shatadi va ularning o’rnini ishsizlar bilan to’ldiradi aviadispetcherlar (ga aniq havola 1981 yil aviadispetcherlarning ish tashlashi ), natijada Santa ularni kiyik kabi yangi lavozimlarda kamsitishda ularni qasos bilan qayta ishga solishdan oldin tartibsizlikka olib keldi. [52] Yilda Sopranoslar epizod “Barchamizni Shaytonning kuchidan qutqarish uchun “, Pauli Gualtieri u “Santa va Klaus xonim yugurib yurgan deb o’ylaganlar ter to’kish ana u yerda. Asl elflar xunuk edilar, Santa bilan yomon bolalarga urish uchun sayohat qildilar va yaxshilariga o’yinchoqlar berishdi. “

Qirg’izistonda tog’ning tepasiga Santa Klaus nomi berildi, shved shirkati ushbu joyni butun dunyo bo’ylab hozirgi sayohat uchun Laplandiyadan ko’ra samaraliroq boshlang’ich joy bo’lishi kerakligini aytdi. Qirg’iziston poytaxtida, Bishkek, Santa-Klaus festivali 2007 yil 30-dekabrda bo’lib o’tdi, unda hukumat vakillari ishtirok etdi. 2008 yil mamlakatda rasmiy ravishda Santa-Klaus yili deb e’lon qilindi. Voqealar Qirg’izistonda turizmni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan harakatlar sifatida qaralmoqda. [53] The Ginnesning Rekordlar kitobi Santa Klauslarning eng katta yig’ilishi uchun Trissur, Kerala, Hindiston bu erda 2014 yil 27 dekabrda 1812 Santas oldingi rekordni ortda qoldirdi. Derri Siti (Shimoliy Irlandiya) bu rekordni 2007 yil 9 sentyabrdan beri qo’lga kiritgan edi, unda jami 12,965 kishi Santa yoki Qorboboning yordamchilari sifatida kiyingan. Bungacha bu rekord 3921 edi, 2005 yilda Liverpool City Center-da bo’lib o’tgan Santa Dash tadbirida o’rnatilgandi. [54] 2009 yilda Ruminiyaning Buxarest shahrida o’tkazilgan “Santas” yig’ini jahon rekordini ko’tarishga urinib ko’rdi, ammo faqatgina 3939 ta “Santas” bilan muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. [55] Yilda professional kurash, 2019 yil 23-dekabrdagi nashrida Dushanba kechasi xom (22 dekabrda suratga olingan), mustaqil kurashchi Bear Bronson g’alaba qozonish uchun Santa Klaus kabi kiyingan WWE 24/7 chempionati dan Akira Tozava da Kolumb doirasi yilda Nyu York sayyohlik safari paytida. Keyinchalik Santa chempionlikni yutqazdi R-haqiqat ga o’ralgan holda Linkoln markazi. [56]

An’ana va marosimlar

Baca an’anaviy

Aziz Nikolay bayrami tomonidan Jan Stin (taxminan 1665–1668)

Santa-Klausning uyga mo’ri orqali kirib borishi an’anasini ko’plab Evropaning mavsumiy sovg’achilari baham ko’rishmoqda. Xristianlikgacha bo’lgan Norvegiyaliklarning an’analariga ko’ra, Odin ko’pincha mo’risidan va kunduzgi olov teshiklaridan kirar edi. [ iqtibos kerak ] Italiyada Befana an’anaga ko’ra, sovg’a beradigan jodugar doimiy ravishda bolalar uylarining bacalaridagi mo’ynalardan tushgan kul bilan qoplanadi. Aziz Nikolay haqidagi ertakda avliyo derazadan tangalarni uloqtirgan va ertakning keyingi versiyasida, derazani qulflangan holda topib, mo’riga tushgan. Gollandiyalik rassomda Jan Stin rasm, Aziz Nikolay bayrami, kattalar va kichkintoylar yuzlarida hayrat bilan mo’riga qarashmoqda, boshqa bolalar esa o’yinchoqlari bilan o’ynashmoqda. Oshxona ibtidoiy e’tiqodda ne’mat manbai sifatida muqaddas sanalgan va ommabop e’tiqodda elflar va parilar ushbu portal orqali uyga sovg’alar olib kelishgan. Rojdestvo arafasida mo’yna orqali Santa uylarga kirishi she’r orqali Amerika an’analariga aylandi “Aziz Nikolayga tashrif” bu erda muallif uni elf deb ta’riflagan. [57]

Rojdestvo arafasida marosimlar

Santa Klaus kiyingan erkak bolalardan bolalarni silkitmoqda yillik bayram poezdi Chikagoda, 2012 yil.

Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari va Kanadada bolalar an’anaviy ravishda bir stakan sut va bir likopchani qoldiradilar pechene Santa iste’mol qilishi uchun mo’ljallangan; Britaniya va Avstraliyada, sheri yoki pivo, va pirog o’rniga qoldiriladi. Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiyada bolalar unga shakar va dolchin bilan guruch bo’tqasini qoldirish odatiy holdir. Irlandiyada ketish juda mashhur Ginnes yoki sut bilan birga Rojdestvo pudingi yoki pirogni maydalash. Vengriyada Aziz Nikolay (Mikulas) 5 dekabrga o’tar kechasi keladi va bolalar o’z sovg’alarini ertasi kuni ertalab olishadi. Agar ular yaxshi bo’lsa, ular sumkada shirinliklarni olishadi, agar bo’lmasa, oltin rangli qayin kaliti. Rojdestvo arafasida “Kichkina Iso” keladi va hamma uchun sovg’alar beradi. [58] Sloveniyada 6-dekabr arafasida avliyo Nikolay (Miklavž) yaxshi bolalar uchun kichik sovg’alar olib keladi. Božiček (Rojdestvo odami) 25 dekabr arafasida, Dedek Mraz (Frost bobosi) esa Yangi yil kuni ochiladigan 31 dekabr kuni kechqurun sovg’alar olib keladi.

Santa Klaus uchun paypoqlarni osish, Ogayo, 1928 y

Yangi Zelandiya, britaniyaliklar, avstraliyaliklar, irlandiyaliklar, kanadaliklar va amerikalik bolalar ham Santa-ning kiyiklari uchun sabzi qoldiradilar va agar ular butun yil davomida yaxshi bo’lmasalar, paypoqlarida bir parcha ko’mir olishlarini aytishadi, garchi amaldagi amaliyot endi ko’mir berish arxaik hisoblanadi. Gollandiyaliklarning odatiga rioya qilgan bolalar sinterklaas “poyabzalini chiqarib tashlaydi” (yotishdan oldin, ba’zan otiga poyafzalda pichan va sabzi qoldiring) sinterklaas avond). Ertasi kuni ertalab ular sovg’a bilan almashtirilgan pichan va sabzi topadilar; ko’pincha, bu a marzipan haykalcha. Bir vaqtlar yaramas bolalarga ularni qoldirishlarini aytishgan ilon shirinliklar o’rniga (bir dasta tayoq), ammo bu amaliyot to’xtatildi. AQShda Rojdestvo arafasida Santa Klausning boshqa marosimlari o’qishni o’z ichiga oladi Aziz Nikolayga tashrif yoki Santa Klaus haqidagi boshqa ertak, televizorda Santa yoki Rojdestvo bilan bog’liq animatsion dasturni tomosha qilish (yuqorida aytib o’tilganlar kabi) Santa Klaus shaharga keladi va shunga o’xshash maxsus narsalar Rudolph Qizil burun kiyik, boshqalar qatorida) va “Santa Claus” kabi qo’shiqlarni kuylash.Santa Klaus shaharga keladi “, “Mana Santa Klaus keladi “, va”Uyning tepasida “. Uyqudan oldin bolalar uchun oxirgi daqiqalardagi marosimlar shuni o’z ichiga oladi: paypoq yoki Santa ularni ko’rmaydigan joydan boshqa joyida paypoqlarni tekislash, mo’riga qarash (kaminli uylarda), derazaga qarash va osmonni Santa uchun ko’rish chana va (kamin bo’lmagan uylarda) tashqi eshikni ochish uchun Santa uyga osongina kirishi mumkin. Bolalar yiqilib tushgandan keyin uxlab yotgan, ota-onalar Santa Klaus rolini o’ynaydilar va sovg’alarini ostida qoldiradilar Rojdestvo daraxti. Bolalar uchun sovg’alar yorliqlari, ba’zan daraxt ostiga sovg’alar qo’yilishidan oldin ota-onalari tomonidan “Santa Klausdan” imzolanadi. [59] [60] [61]

Santa Klausning klassik amerikalik qiyofasi.

Ho, ho, ho

“Ho ho ho” bu erga yo’naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Ho ho ho (ajralish).

Ho ho ho bu ko’plab tillarda Santa Klausaning qanday kulishini yozish usuli. “Ho, ho, ho! Rojdestvo bilan muborak! “Bu ma’lum bir chuqur tomoqning turini matnga etkazishdir kulmoq yoki bugungi kunda eng ko’p Santa Klaus bilan bog’langan va kulish Ota Rojdestvo. The kulgu Santa-Klaus qadimdan bu belgi aniqlanadigan muhim xususiyat bo’lib kelgan, ammo u ko’p bo’lmaganIngliz tili – gaplashadigan mamlakatlar. An’anaviy Rojdestvo she’ri Aziz Nikolayga tashrif Santa Santa bilan bog’liq:

bir oz yumaloq qorin
U kulib yuborganida, xuddi piyola jelega o’xshab silkidi

Uy

Shuningdek qarang: Qorboboning ustaxonasi § Joylashuv joyi
The Santa-Klaus qishlog’i yilda Laplandiya
Quddusning eski shahri, Sent-Piter ko’chasida joylashgan Santa uyi

An’anaga ko’ra Santa Klausning uyida turar joy va ustaxona bor, u aytadiki, u elflar yoki boshqa g’ayritabiiy mavjudotlar yordamida – Rojdestvoda yaxshi bolalarga etkazishi kerak bo’lgan sovg’alarni yaratadi. Ba’zi hikoyalar va afsonalarda uning yordamchilari yashaydigan qishloq, uning uyi va do’koni atrofini o’z ichiga oladi. Shimoliy Amerika an’analarida (yilda Qo’shma Shtatlar va Kanada ), Santa Shimoliy qutbda yashaydi, deyiladi Canada Post Kanada yurisdiksiyasiga kiradi Pochta Indeksi H0H 0H0 [62] (“ho ho ho” ga havola), Santa-ning diqqatga sazovor so’zlari, garchi H dan boshlanadigan pochta indekslari odatda bu uchun saqlanadi Montreal oroli yilda Kvebek ). 2008 yil 23 dekabrda, Jeyson Kenni, Kanadaning fuqarolik, immigratsiya va multikulturalizm vaziri, rasmiy ravishda taqdirlandi Kanada fuqaroligi Santa Klausga maqom. “Kanada hukumati Santa-ga Rojdestvo arafasida vazifalarini bajarishda eng yaxshi tilaklarni bildiradi va unga Kanada fuqarosi sifatida butun dunyo bo’ylab safari tugagandan so’ng Kanadaga qayta kirish huquqini avtomatik ravishda berishini,“Kenni rasmiy bayonotida. [63] Shuningdek, nomlangan shahar ham mavjud Shimoliy qutb yilda Alyaska bu erda “Santa Klaus uyi” nomi bilan tanilgan sayyohlik ob’ekti tashkil etilgan. The Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati shaharni ishlatadi pochta indeksi 99705 raqamidan Santa Klaus uchun e’lon qilingan pochta indeksi. A Vendi Shimoliy qutbda AK ham “chana uchib o’tdi” deb da’vo qilmoqda. [64] Har biri Shimoliy mamlakat Santa-ning qarorgohi ularning hududida bo’lishini da’vo qilmoqda. Norvegiya u yashayotganini da’vo qilmoqda Droybak. Daniyada u Grenlandiyada (yaqinda) yashaydi deyishadi Uummannaq ). Shvetsiyada Mora nomli tematik parkga ega Tomteland. Milliy pochta terminali Tomteboda Stokgolmda Qorboboga bolalar maktublari keladi. Finlyandiyada, Korvatunturi azaldan Qorboboning uyi sifatida tanilgan va ikkita park, Santa-Klaus qishlog’i va Santa Park yaqinida joylashgan Rovaniemi. Yilda Belorussiya ning uyi bor Ded Moroz yilda Belovejskaya Pushcha milliy bog’i. [65]

Paradlar, do’konlar va savdo markazlari

Shuningdek qarang: Qorboboning ustaxonasi § Santa Claus grottos / universal do’konlari

Ushbu bo’limdagi misollar va istiqbol asosan Shimoliy Amerika bilan muomala va vakili emas a butun dunyo ko’rinishi mavzuning. Sizga mumkin ushbu bo’limni yaxshilang, masalani muhokama qiling munozara sahifasiyoki tegishli ravishda yangi bo’lim yarating. ( 2016 yil dekabr ) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Eatonning Santa Klaus paradi, 1918 yil, Toronto, Kanada. Etib kelgan Eatonniki katta do’kon, Santa binoga ko’tarilishga zinapoyasini tayyorlamoqda.

Gigant Santa Klaus, Filippinlar

Santa Klausni tasvirlaydigan aktyorlar Rojdestvo bayramidan bir necha hafta oldin paydo bo’lishdi do’konlar yoki savdo markazlari yoki ziyofatlarda. Buning amaliyoti inobatga olingan [ shubhali – muhokama qilish ] ga Jeyms Edgar, 1890 yilda u buni qila boshladi Brokton, Massachusets Do’kon. [66] Santa kabi kiyingan aktyorga, odatda, elflar kiygan boshqa aktyorlar (ko’pincha savdo markazlari xodimlari) yoki Santa bilan bog’liq boshqa folklor ijodkorlari yordam berishadi. Uning vazifasi – bolalarga kichik sovg’alar tarqatish orqali do’kon imidjini targ’ib qilish yoki ularning tizzasiga o’tirgan holda, ularning xohish-istaklar ro’yxatini tinglash orqali bolalarga mavsumiy tajriba berish (bu amaliyot hozirda Britaniyaning ba’zi tashkilotlari tomonidan ko’rib chiqilmoqda, [67] va Shveytsariya [68] ). Ba’zida Santa va Santa tasvirlangan bola va aktyorning fotosurati olinadi. Bolalar bilan suratga tushish uchun Santa aktyoriga ega bo’lish – bu kamida 1918 yildan boshlangan marosim. [69] Shu maqsadda tashkil etilgan maydon bayramona ravishda bezatilgan, odatda katta taxt bilan jihozlangan va uni har xil “Santa’s Grotto”, “Santa’s Workshop” yoki shunga o’xshash atama deb atashadi. Qo’shma Shtatlarda bularning eng ko’zga ko’ringanlari – bu flagmani bo’lgan Santa Macy’s Nyu-York shahridagi do’kon – u do’konga chana bilan keladi Macy-ning minnatdorchilik kuni parad oxirgi suzishda va uning sudi do’konning bir qavatining katta qismini egallab oladi. Macy ning Santa Klausasi Nyu-York shahri ko’pincha “haqiqiy Santa” deb aytishadi. Bu 1947 yil filmi tomonidan ommalashgan 34-ko’chadagi mo”jiza Santa Klaus Kris Kringle deb nomlangan. Esseist Devid Sedaris satirik bilan tanilgan SantaLand kundaliklari u mashhur radio segmentiga aylantirilib, keyinchalik nashr etilgan Macy displeyida elf bo’lib ishlagan. Kanadada savdo markazlari tomonidan boshqariladi Oksford xususiyatlari jarayonini o’rnatdi otistik olomon bilan janjallashmasdan bolalar savdo markazida “Santa Klausni ziyorat qilishlari” mumkin edi. [70] Savdo markazlari Santa Klausni tasvirlaydigan aktyor bilan shaxsiy tashrif buyurgan otistik bolali oilalarga kirish huquqini berish uchun erta ochiladi. 2012 yilda Southcentre savdo markazi Kalgari shahrida ushbu xizmatni taklif qilgan birinchi savdo markazi bo’lgan. [71] In Birlashgan Qirollik, chegirmali do’kon Poundlend uning ovozini o’zgartiradi o’z-o’ziga xizmat kassalari Rojdestvo chakana savdo davrida Santa Klausnikiga. [72] Santa Klaus sifatida qanday harakat qilish kerakligi to’g’risida ko’rsatma beradigan maktablar mavjud. Masalan, bolalar televizion prodyuseri Jonathan Meath Santa-Klausning Xalqaro maktabida o’qidi va ilmiy darajaga ega bo’ldi Santa Klaus ustasi 2006 yilda. Bu uning uchun ikkinchi martaba ochdi va parad va savdo markazlarida paydo bo’lgandan keyin, [73] u Amerika oyligi muqovasida paydo bo’ldi Boston jurnali Santa sifatida. [74] Santa-ni tasvirlaydigan a’zolar bilan uyushmalar mavjud; Masalan, janob Meat xalqaro tashkilotning kengashi a’zosi edi Haqiqiy soqolli santalarning birodarlik ordeni. [75] Tufayli Covid-19 pandemiyasi, ko’plab Santa grottolar 2020 yilgi Rojdestvo mavsumida ishlamayotgan edi. Shu sababli, ba’zi kompaniyalar taklif qilishdi video qo’ng’iroqlar kabi dasturlardan foydalangan holda haq evaziga Kattalashtirish u erda bolalar boshqa uchida Santa Klaus kabi kiyingan aktyor bilan suhbatlashishlari mumkin edi. [76]

Qorboboga xat yozish

“Qorboboga maktublar” bu erga yo’naltiriladi. Muppet televizion filmi uchun qarang Qo’g’irchoqli Rojdestvo: Qorboboga maktublar. Polsha filmi uchun qarang Qorboboga maktublar (film).

• Milliy pochta operatorlari Santa va yil oxiridagi boshqa bayram raqamlariga yozilgan xatlar va 2006 yilda kelib tushgan xatlar soniga javob beradigan mamlakatlar: Germaniya (500000), Avstraliya (117000), Avstriya (6000), Bolgariya (500), Kanada ( 1,060,000), Spain (232,000), United States (no figure, as statistics are not kept centrally), Finland (750,000), France (1,220,000), Ireland (100,000), New Zealand (110,000), Portugal (255,000), Poland ( 3,000), Slovakia (85,000), Sweden (150,000), Switzerland (17,863), Ukraine (5,019), United Kingdom (750,000).
• 2006 yilda, Finland’s national postal operation received letters from 150 countries (representing 90% of the letters received), France’s Postal Service from 126 countries, Germany from 80 countries, and Slovakia from 20 countries.
• 2007 yilda, Canada Post replied to letters in 26 languages and Deutsche Post in 16 languages.
• Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail. All the same, Santa still receives far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators, proving that children still write letters. National postal operators offering the ability to use an on-line web form (with or without a return e-mail address) to Santa and obtain a reply include Canada Post[83] (on-line web request form in English and French), France’s Postal Service (on-line web request form in French), [84][85] va Yangi Zelandiya pochtasi[86] (on-line web request form in English). [87] In France, by 6 December 2010, a team of 60 postal elves had sent out reply cards in response to 80,000 e-mail on-line request forms and more than 500,000 physical letters. [79]

Canada Post has a special Pochta Indeksi for letters to Santa Claus, and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses. His address is: Santa Claus, North Pole, Canada, H0H 0H0; no postage is required. [88] (Shuningdek qarang: Ho ho ho ). (This postal code, in which zeroes are used for the letter “O”, is consistent with the alternating letter-number format of all Canadian postal codes.) Sometimes children’s charities answer letters in poor communities, or from children’s hospitals, and give them presents they would not otherwise receive. From 2002 to 2014, the program replied to approximately “one million letters or more a year, and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters”; [89] as of 2015, it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year, “in over 30 languages, including Braille answering them all in the language they are written”. [90]

In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole. However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service, and this tradition is dying out in modern times, especially with few homes having open fires. [91] According to the Royal Mail website, Santa’s address for letters from British children is: Santa/Father Christmas, Santa’s Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ [92]

In Mexico and other Latin American countries, besides using the mail, sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon, releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them. [91]

In 2010, the Brazilian National Post Service, “Korreios ” formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps. In 2009, the Brazilian National Post Service, “Korreios ” answered almost two million children’s letters, and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil’s neediest citizens. [79]

Through the years, the Finnish Santa Claus (Joulupukki yoki “Yule echki “) has received over eight million letters. He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list. [79] Children from Great Britain, Poland and Japan are the busiest writers. The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi, however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arktika doirasi His address is: Santa Claus’ Main Post Office, Santa Claus Village, FIN-96930 Arctic Circle. The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year, with 70,000 visitors in December alone. [79]

Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations, and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures. An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for chet elga and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Pekin, Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi, [93] Santa Claus Village yilda Rovaniemi, Finland, and the People’s Republic of China Postal System’s Pekin International Post Office. [94] [95] [96] [97] Parents can order a personalized “Santa letter” to be sent to their child, often with a North Pole postmark. The “Santa Letter” market generally relies on the Internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than chakana savdo do’konlari. [ ortiqcha vaznmi? – muhokama qilish ]

Tracking Santa Claus

The Christmas issue of NOAA “s Ob-havo byurosi mavzulari with “Santa Claus” streaking across a weather radar screen, 1958

A number of websites created by various organizations claim to track Santa Claus each year. Ba’zilar, masalan NORAD Santa-ni kuzatib boradi, Google Santa Tracker, the emailSanta.com Tracker [98] and the Santa Update Project, have endured. Others, such as the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, [99] [100] [101] The Dallas / Fort-Uort xalqaro aeroporti ‘s Tracks Santa Project, [102] [103] [104] the NASA Tracks Santa Project, [105] va Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project, [106] [107] no longer actively track Santa.

1955 Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the NORAD Tracks Santa program

The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck ichida saqlash Kolorado Springs, Kolorado, gave children a number to call a “Santa ishonch telefoni “. The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Kontinental havo mudofaasi qo’mondonligi (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead. The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by claiming to children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the Shimoliy Amerika havo hujumidan mudofaa qo’mondonligi (NORAD). [108] [109] This “tracking” can now be done via the Internet and NORAD’s website.

In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they “tracked Santa Claus” in their own metropoliten joylar through the stations’ meteorologlar. In December 2000, the Ob-havo kanali built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve “Santa tracking” effort, called “SantaWatch” in cooperation with NASA, Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya va Silikon vodiysi -based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings. [110] In the 21st century, most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established “Santa tracking” efforts, such as NORAD Tracks Santa. [111]

Many other websites became available year-round, devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop. Many of these websites also include email addresses or web forms which claim to allow children to send email to Santa Claus. One particular website called emailSanta.com was created when a 1997 Canada Post urish prevented Alan Kerr’s young niece and nephews from sending their letters to Santa; in a few weeks, over 1,000 emails to Santa were received, and the site had received 1,000 emails a day one year later. [112] [113] Some websites, such as Santa’s page on Microsoft’s former Windows Live Spaces or emailSanta.com, however have used or still use “botlar ” or other automated programs to compose and send personalized and realistic replies. [114] [115] In the case of Microsoft’s website, however, there have been occasional unfortunate results. [116] [117]

In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, “Santa tracking” websites raise interest in kosmik texnologiyalar va razvedka, [118] serve to educate children in geography. [119] and encourage them to take an interest in science. [120] [121]

Tanqid

Shuningdek qarang: Rojdestvo bahslari

Calvinist and Puritan opposition

Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Aziz Nikolay, ayniqsa oliy cherkov denominations that practice the hurmat of him, in addition to other azizlar. In light of this, the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings. Ba’zi nasroniylar, xususan Kalvinistlar va Puritanlar, disliked the idea of Santa Claus, as well as Christmas in general, believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith. [122] Boshqalar nomuvofiq Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture. [123]

Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th-century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either butparast yoki Rim katolik. The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view. Tolerance for Christmas increased after the Qayta tiklash but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries. [124] In the Dutch Yangi Gollandiya colony, season celebrations focused on New Year’s Day.

Excerpt from Josiah King’s The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England; Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.

Keyingi Qayta tiklash of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England, [125] the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King’s The Examination and Tryal of Old Ota Rojdestvo; Together with his Clearing by the Jury (1686). [126]

Reverend Paul Nedergaard, a clergyman in Kopengagen, Daniya, attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a “pagan goblin” (“en hedensk trold” in Daniya ) after Santa’s image was used on the annual Christmas stamp (“julemærke”) for a Danish children’s welfare organization. [127] A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus, which range from acceptance to denouncement. [128] [129]

Meri Beyker Eddi, asoschisi Xristian ilmi movement, wrote: “the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this [Christmas] pastime. A deceit or falsehood is never wise. Too much cannot be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood. To mould aright the first impressions of innocence, aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model, man in His image and likeness.” [130]

Opposition under state atheism

Ostida Marksist-leninchi doktrinasi davlat ateizmi in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet antireligious campaign. [131] [132] The Jangari ateistlar ligasi encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being Santa Claus and the Rojdestvo daraxti, as well as other Christian holidays including Pasxa; Liga har oyning 31-kuni o’rnini bosuvchi sifatida diniy ta’tilni o’rnatdi. [133] [134]

In December 2018, the city management office of Langfang yilda Xebey viloyati released a statement stating that people caught selling Christmas trees, wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished. [135]

Symbol of commercialism

Uning kitobida Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century. “In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings: reindeer, chana, bells,” said Seal in an interview. [136] “They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged. At that time, sleighs were how you got about Manxetten.”

Yozish Onalik, writer Carol Jean-Swanson makes similar points, noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about ko’zga tashlanadigan iste’mol:

Our jolly old Saint Nicholas reflects our culture to a T, for he is fanciful, exuberant, bountiful, over-weight, and highly commercial. He also mirrors some of our highest ideals: childhood purity and innocence, selfless giving, unfaltering love, justice, and mercy. (What child has ever received a coal for Christmas?) The problem is that, in the process, he has become burdened with some of society’s greatest challenges: materialism, corporate greed, and domination by the media. Here, Santa carries more in his baggage than toys alone! [137]

In the Czech Republic, a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus, a relatively recent phenomenon in that country. [138] “Czech Christmases are intimate and magical. All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business,” said David König of the Creative Copywriters Club, pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition. “I’m not against Santa himself. I’m against Santa in my country only.” In the Czech tradition, presents are delivered by Ježíšek deb tarjima qilingan Chaqaloq Iso. Buyuk Britaniyada, Ota Rojdestvo was historically depicted wearing a green cloak. [ iqtibos kerak ] As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus, that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit. [139] However, Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by Tomas Nast Boshqalar orasida. [140] A law in the U.S. state of Ogayo shtati prohibits the usage of Santa Claus or his image to sell alcoholic beverages. The law came to attention when the beer brand Bud nuri attempted to use its mascot Spuds MakKenzi in a Santa Claus outfit during a December 1987 ad campaign; Bud Light was forced to stop using the imagery. [141]

Controversy about deceiving children

Shuningdek qarang: Paternalistic deception

The adults they count on to provide reliable information about the world introduce them to Santa. Then his existence is affirmed by friends, books, TV and movies. It is also validated by hard evidence: the half-eaten cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning. In other words, children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa. And adults do a great job of duping them. [144]

— Jacqueline Wooley

• bu yolg’on bu normally bad, [143]
• that parents intentionally lying to their children promotes distrust, [143]
• that it promotes xudbinlik, ochko’zlik va materializm, [146]
• that it associates good behavior with being materially rewarded with presents from Santa Claus, [146] va
• that tricking children into believing falsehoods interferes with the development of tanqidiy fikrlash. [145][142]

With no greater good at the heart of this lie than having some fun, some have charged that the deception is more about the parents, their short-term happiness in seeing children excited about Santa Claus, and their nostalgic willingness to prolong the age of sehrli fikrlash, than it is about the children. [143] Faylasuf David Kyle Johnson wrote, “It’s a lie, it degrades your parental trustworthiness, it encourages credulity, it does not encourage imagination, and it’s equivalent to bribing your kids for good behavior.” [147]

Others, however, see little harm in the belief in Santa Claus. Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural, not parental, lie, it does not usually undermine parental trust. [148] The Yangi Zelandiya skeptiklari also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real. Matbuot kotibi Vicki Hyde said, “It would be a hard-hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children’s cultural heritage. We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable.” [148]

Most of them do not remain angry or embarrassed about the deception for very long. John Condry of Kornell universiteti interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real. According to Dr. Condry, “The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature. They now knew something that the younger kids did not”. [149] In other studies, a small fraction of children felt betrayed by their parents, but disappointment was a more common response. [143] Some children have reacted poorly, including rejecting the family’s diniy e’tiqodlar on the grounds that if the parents lied about the unprovable existence of Santa Claus, then they might lie about the unprovable Xudoning borligi shuningdek. [143]

Shuningdek qarang

• Xristianlik portali
• Bayramlar portali
• Mifologiya portali

Tegishli raqamlar

• Amu Navro’z
• Badalisk
• Befana — a friendly witch who delivers gifts to children on 5 January.
• Belsnikel — a German gift-giver and punisher of naughty children, a.k.a. Kriskringle
• Aziz Nikolayning sahobalari
• Ded Moroz — (Father Frost, Russian: Дед Мороз) plays a role similar to Santa Claus
• Joulupukki — original Santa-Claus from Finland
• Krampus — in German-speaking Alp tog’lari folklore, a horned figure who, during the Christmas season, punishes children who have misbehaved
• Mikulas — Hungary, Poland, Romania Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, a figure who brings treats before Christmas
• Moș Gerilă — name of a character from Romanian communist propaganda
• Olentzero — Basque character, possibly derived from Roman traditions
• Saint Nicholas of Myra
• Avliyo Basil —who is believed to bring Christmas gifts for children in Yunon pravoslavlari an’ana
• Sinterklaas — Dutch mythical figure
• Uch shoh — in Spain tradition, gifts for children are brought by the biblical three wise men on 6 January.
• Tomte — Scandinavian mythical character
• Yule echki — Scandinavian Christmas symbol
• Yule Lads — a group of Icelandic figures who may leave gifts or rotting potatoes in the days before Christmas

Boshqalar

• Jek Frost va Qariya Qish — Mythical characters associated with winter
• Rojdestvo bahslari
• Rojdestvo elf
• Easter Bunny
• Uchayotgan Santa —a northeastern US tradition of pilots delivering presents to families in remote lighthouses
• Haqiqiy soqolli santalarning birodarlik ordeni
• Pancho Klaus, a Tex-Mex version of Santa Claus
• Santa-Klaus, Indiana —a small AQShning o’rta g’arbiy qismi town named after the figure, and home to Bayramlar dunyosiattraksionli Park
• Santa Klausning kiyiklari
• SantaCon
• Tish peri
• Ha, Virjiniya, Santa Klaus bor

Adabiyotlar

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119. ^ Ribeyro, Riki (2012 yil 19-dekabr). “EmailSanta.com: Santa Klaus qanday qilib raqamli o’tdi”. BizTech jurnali . Olingan 19 iyul 2020 . Endi u bolalar va ota-onalarga Kerrning o’zi qurgan ASP skriptidan ishlaydigan Santa-dan shaxsiy xabarlarni taqdim etadi.
120. ^ Vnuk, Xelen (2017 yil 7-dekabr). “Qorboboga elektron pochta orqali xabar yuboring va javob oling: farzandlarimga ishonadigan veb-sayt”. MamaMia.com.au/ . Olingan 19 iyul 2020 . Mening qizimni, Santa-ning haqiqiy ekanligiga hamma narsadan ko’proq ishontiradigan narsa bu veb-sayt, emailSanta.com.
121. ^“Microsoft kassa og’zini yopadigan Santa-ni tortib oldi, Jon Fontana, 2007 yil 4-dekabr”. Tarmoq dunyosi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 13 oktyabrda . Olingan 9 dekabr 2010 .
122. ^“Quvnoq vaqt o’tkazish uchun, Windows Live Messenger-da Santa bilan suhbatlashish, 2006 yil 13-dekabr”. Microsoft. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 24 oktyabrda . Olingan 9 dekabr 2010 .
123. ^“NORAD Santa-Citation-Space-ni sertifikatlash dasturini 2007 yil dekabr oyida sertifikatlangan xayol mahsuloti toifasida korporativ homiy darajasida sherik sifatida kuzatib boradi”.. Space Foundation. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 25 sentyabrda . Olingan 31 dekabr 2009 .
124. ^“Hi-tech Santa Klausni kuzatishda yordam beradi, 2008 yil 24-dekabr”. BBC yangiliklari. 24 dekabr 2008 yil . Olingan 31 dekabr 2009 .
125. ^“Siz chayqamasangiz yaxshi bo’lardi! Booz Allen NORADni Santa-Yilning bu yilgi yondashuvini kuzatishni qo’llab-quvvatlaydi, 2010 yil 1-dekabr kuni Booz Allen Xemilton tomonidan”. Booz Allen Xemilton. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 10 dekabrda . Olingan 1 dekabr 2010 .
126. ^“Elektron Sputnik vaqti keldi, Patrik Gorman, 2010 yil 8-dekabr”. Hukumat ijro etuvchi . Olingan 10 dekabr 2010 .
127. [doimiy o’lik havola ]
128. ^ Kippenberg, Xans G.; Kuiper, Yme B.; Sanders, Endi F. (1990 yil 1-yanvar). Din va tafakkurda shaxs tushunchalari. Valter de Gruyter. p. 363. ISBN978-3110874372 .
129. ^ Bowler, Gerri (2011 yil 27-iyul). Santa Klaus: tarjimai hol. Tasodifiy uy. ISBN978-1551996080 .
130. ^“Rojdestvo taqiqlanganda – dastlabki koloniyalar va Rojdestvo”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 8 yanvarda.
131. ^“Tarix – Rojdestvoning o’n yoshi”. BBC. 13 mart 2005. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2005 yil 13 martda . Olingan 21 dekabr 2010 .
132. ^ Nissenbaum, bob. 1
133. ^ Klar, Mimi (1959 yil oktyabr). “Santa Klausga hujum”. G’arbiy folklor. 18 (4): 337. doi:10.2307/1497769. JSTOR1497769.
134. ^Santa Klaus: Ajoyib yolg’onchi, Terri Uotkins, Haqiqat bilan ishlaydigan vazirliklar.
135. ^Santa uchun yoki Santa uchun emas, Silviya Koxran, Oilalar onlayn jurnali.
136. ^ Eddi, Meri Beyker (1925). Boshqalar, p. 261, “Ilmiy va sog’liqdan tashqari nasriy asarlar” da. Meri Beyker G. Eddi vasiyat qilgan vasiylar, Boston, AQSh.
137. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Filmlarda Rojdestvo: Amerika, Britaniya va Evropa kinoteatrlarida Rojdestvo tasvirlari. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN9781860643972 . Ning tasvirlari haqidagi bob Rojdestvo sovet kinematografiyasida, aslida bu to’plamdagi eng qisqa bo’lishi mumkin edi: shuni aytish kifoya: ateistik sotsialistik davlatda 1917 yilda tashkil etilganidan keyin hech bo’lmaganda rasmiy ravishda Rojdestvo bayramlari bo’lmagan.
138. ^Islom aks-sadosi. MIG. 1993 yil. Sobiq Sovet Ittifoqida, archa daraxtlari, odatda, yangi yilni nishonlash uchun rasmiy ateist davlat tomonidan o’rnatilgan an’anaga binoan qo’yilgan.
139. ^ Luzer, Daniel (2013 yil 26-noyabr). “Rojdestvoga qarshi haqiqiy urush qanday ko’rinishga ega”. Tinch okeani standarti . Olingan 12 noyabr 2014 . Bir necha dinga qarshi kampaniyalar bo’lib, ularning eng dramatiklari 20-yillarda sodir bo’lgan. Rossiya va Osiyo tadqiqotlari maktabi tomonidan nashr etilgan nashrga ko’ra: 1925 yilda Rojdestvo rasmiy ateist Sovetlar davrida amalda taqiqlangan va 1992 yilgacha Rossiya erlariga qaytmasligi kerak edi. Yangi yil bayrami Rojdestvo daraxti an’analarini zabt etdi ( Yo’lka), Santa (rus tilida “Ded Mopoz” yoki “Ayoz bobosi” nomi bilan tanilgan) va sovg’alar. Ruslarning an’analariga ko’ra, Frost bobomning nabirasi, Qorqiz (Snegurochka) unga sovg’alarni tarqatishda yordam berish uchun doimo hamrohlik qiladi. Elflar bayram bilan bog’liq emas. Shtat odamlarga Rojdestvo daraxtlarini sotishni taqiqladi. Hatto jangarilar ateistlari ligasi tomonidan diniy bayramlarni kamsitishga qaratilgan festivallar ham bo’lib o’tdi. Ularning karnavallari Frantsiya inqilobidan keyin faollar tomonidan uyushtirilgan shunga o’xshash tadbirlardan ilhomlangan. 1923 yildan 1924 yilgacha va 1929 yildan 1930 yilgacha yana “Komsomol Rojdestvolari” va sharqshilar ateizmning bayram tantanalari edi.
140. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (2005 yil 10-noyabr). Sovet Ittifoqidagi diniy siyosat. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. p. 138. ISBN9780521022309 . Liga kunni ushbu taxminiy diniy tiklanishdan qutqarish uchun harakat qildi. Antirelioznik shu qadar ko’p maqolalar yukladiki, 1928 yilgi yillik indeksining butun qismini maktablarda dinlarga qarshi mashg’ulotlarga bag’ishladi. 1929 yilda bunday materiallar ko’proq paydo bo’ldi va kelgusi yil toshqin. Lenin va boshqalar ilgari aniq qoralagan narsalarni – yoshlarni qo’rqitish va diniy e’tiqoddan tozalash uchun karnavallar, farslar va o’yinlarni tavsiya qildi. Unda o’quvchilar Rojdestvo (shu jumladan, Rojdestvo daraxtlari) va Pasxa bilan bog’liq urf-odatlarga qarshi targ’ibot qilishni taklif qilishdi. Liga ma’qullagan ba’zi maktablar har oyning 31-kunida dinga qarshi kun o’tkazdilar. O’qituvchilar emas, balki Liganing mahalliy aholisi ushbu maxsus tadbir uchun dasturni o’rnatdilar.
141. ^“Santa-Klaus bu shaharchaga kelmaydi, chunki Xitoy rasmiylari Rojdestvo bayramini taqiqlashadi”. South China Morning Post. 18 dekabr 2018 yil. Rojdestvo materik Xitoyda taniqli bayram emas – bu erda hukmron partiya rasmiy ravishda ateist bo’lgan – va ko’p yillar davomida hokimiyat uni ommaviy ravishda nishonlagan har qanday kishiga qattiq munosabatda bo’lgan. . Langfang rasmiylarining bayonotida aytilishicha, shaharda Rojdestvo daraxtlari, gulchambarlar, paypoqlar yoki Santa Klaus figuralarini sotishda qo’lga tushgan kishi jazolanadi. . Rojdestvo mollarini sotishni taqiqlash chakana savdo korxonalariga qaratilgan bo’lishi mumkin bo’lsa-da, bu butun mamlakat bo’ylab o’z dinlariga amal qilayotgan nasroniylarga qarshi tazyiqlar fonida sodir bo’ldi. Shanba kuni ertalab 60 dan ortiq politsiyachilar va mansabdorlar Xitoy janubidagi Guangdong viloyati poytaxti Guanchjouda bolalar uchun Muqaddas Kitob darsiga bostirib kirishdi. Hodisa sentyabr oyida Pekinda 1500 kishilik Sion cherkovi va o’tgan hafta Chengdu-ning 500 kishilik Erta yomg’ir ahd cherkovini yopgandan keyin sodir bo’ldi. Ikkinchisiga kelsak, uyushtirilgan reydlarda 100 ga yaqin namozxonni uylaridan yoki ko’chalaridan tortib olishgan.
142. ^Qanday qilib Nikolay Santa Klausga aylandi: bitta nazariya, Sankt-Nikolas markazida Jeremy Seal bilan intervyu.
143. ^“Santa Klausni himoya qilishda”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 26 dekabrda . Olingan 7 sentyabr 2016 .
144. , Kerol-Jan Suonson, Onalik, 1992 yil kuz.
145. ^“E’tibor berganingiz yaxshiroq, yig’lamaganingiz yaxshi”. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 20-yanvarda . Olingan 13 dekabr 2007 .
146. , Xilda Xoy, Praga posti, 2006 yil 13-dekabr.
147. ^Santa yashil rangga aylanadi!; BBC.co.uk; 2007 yil 26-noyabr; Qabul qilingan 22 dekabr 2007 yil
148. ^“Nast, Tomas:” Merry Old Santa Claus “- Britannica Entsiklopediyasi”. Britannica.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 6 aprelda . Olingan 11 iyun 2013 .
149. ^“Spudlar Santa kabi kiyingan pivoni targ’ib qila olmaydilar”. Associated Press. 1987 yil 2-dekabr . Olingan 23 noyabr 2012 .
150. ^ ab Jonson, Devid Kayl. “Santa Klaus yolg’on bilan xayrlashing”. Bugungi kunda psixologiya . Olingan 12 dekabr 2018 .
151. ^ abvdef Lou, Skot S, tahrir. (2010). Rojdestvo – hamma uchun falsafa: bir parcha ko’mirdan yaxshiroq. Malden, Mass.: Uili-Blekvell. pp.143–147. ISBN9781444330908 . OCLC539086689.
152. ^ abSiz “Quyoshlar” ga ishonasizmi?, Jakuelin Vulli, The New York Times, 2006 yil 23-dekabr.
153. ^ abSanta Klaus: Ota-onalar Santa Klaus haqidagi afsonani abadiylashtirishi kerakmi?, Ostin Klayn, About.com
154. ^ ab Vines, Gail (2011). “Santa delusion”. Yangi olim. 210 (2809): 29. Bibcode:2011NewSc.210Q..29M. doi:10.1016 / S0262-4079 (11) 60920-2 . Olingan 12 dekabr 2018 .
155. ^“Qorbobo haqida bolalarga yolg’on gapirish ularning ishonchini yo’qotishi mumkin, deydi psixologlar”. Vokativ. 2016 yil 25-noyabr.
156. ^ ab“Santa haqiqiy” bilan qanday kurashish mumkin? ‘ “. Dominion Post . Olingan 7-noyabr 2011 .
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Bibliografiya

• Belk, Rassel. 1989 yil. “Zamonaviy AQShning Rojdestvo bayrami bilan materializm “. Interpretive Consumer Research, eded. Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Provo, UT: Consumer Research Association, 75–104.
• Bowler, Gerri, muharriri (2004). Rojdestvo Jahon entsiklopediyasi, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited.
• ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 (0-7710-1535-6)
• Bowler, Gerri, (2007). Santa Klaus: tarjimai hol, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited.
• ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 (0-7710-1668-9)
• Crump, Uilyam D. muharriri (2006). Rojdestvo entsiklopediyasi, 2-nashr, Jefferson, Shimoliy Karolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers,
• ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7
• Nissenbaum, Stiven (1997). Rojdestvo uchun jang, Nyu-York: Alfred A. Knopf,
• ISBN 978-0-679-74038-4 (0-679-74038-4)

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